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BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences > Respiratory Physiology - Control of ventilation - chemoreceptors > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology - Control of ventilation - chemoreceptors Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What type of muscle control breathing?

A

Voluntary skeletal muscles

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2
Q

Wha nerve innervates the diaphragm for breathing?

A

Phrenic nerve

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3
Q

What nerve inner ages the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

Intercostal nerves

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4
Q

What are the brain stem respiratory centres?

A

Resides within the defined centres located in the pons and medulla

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5
Q

What happens if you sever the phrenic nerve above C3?

A

Breathing ceases

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6
Q

What do the respiratory centres set?

A

Intrinsic control of breathing

Basal rhythm

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7
Q

What modulates the rhythm of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Emotion (via lambic system)
  2. Voluntary override (via higher centres in brain)
  3. Mechanic-sensory input from the thorax (e.g. stretch reflex/ threshold reached)
  4. Chemical compost of the blood (PCO2, PO2 and pH detected by chemoreceptors)
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8
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses,

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

What are the 2 major groups of neurones in the respiratory system?

A

DRG (dorado respiratory group)
VRG (ventral respiratory group)

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11
Q

What does the VAR INNERVATE?

A

Tongue
Pharynx
Larynx
Expiratory muscles

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12
Q

What does the DGR innervate?

A

Inspiration muscles

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13
Q

How does the DRG innervate muscles?

A

Via phrenic and intercostal nerves

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14
Q

What input most significantly affects the VRG and DRG?

A

Chemoreceptors

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of chemoreceptors?

A

Central
Peripheral

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16
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors?

A

Medulla

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17
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

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18
Q

What allows for a smooth, low and controlled expiration?

A

Basal tone in expiratory muscles

VGR

19
Q

What do the central chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Hydrogen ions

20
Q

What do the H+ that the central chemoreceptors come from?

A

CO2

Reflect PCO2 level

21
Q

Are we sensitive to the change in H+ in cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Yes

22
Q

What do the H+ ions reflect ?

A

The PCO2 in systemic arterial blood

23
Q

What do the peripheral chemoreceptors directly respond to?

A

PO2 and plasma [H+]

Less so to PCO2

24
Q

What chemoreceptor is the primary ventilators drive?

A

Central

25
Q

What is the chemoreceptor is the secondary ventilators drive?

A

Peripheral

26
Q

Where are the H+ found which are detected by central chemoreceptors?

A

CSF

Cerebral spinal fluid which surround the brain

27
Q

How is the car regulated?

A

Blood brain Barrier

28
Q

How do the central chemoreceptors responds to changes in [H+]?

A

Increase rate and depth of breathing

29
Q

What happens when there is an increase in [H+]?

A

Reflex stimulation

30
Q

What drives the increase in [H+]?

A

Increase in PCO2 of systemic arterial blood supplying the brain

31
Q

What is it called when there is an increase in PCO2 in the systemic blood?

A

Hypercapnea

32
Q

What is hypercapnea?

A

Increase in PCO2in systemic arterial blood

33
Q

What does CO2 and H2O (plasma) form?

A

Carbonic acid

H2CO3

34
Q

What does carbonic acid dissociate to?

A

H+ and HCO3-

35
Q

Can central chemoreceptors respond to H+ in plasma?

A

No

Only car

36
Q

What causes reflex inhibition?

A

A decrease in arterial PCO2 (reduces CSF ([H+]) (hyperventilation)

Long deep breaths

37
Q

How does the brain maintain a stability composition of the CSF?

A

Not allow ions to cross

38
Q

What can and cannot travel from the arteries into the CSF?

A

CO2 can move in

H+ cannot

39
Q

What happens when CO2 crosses the blood brain barrier?

A

Dissociation and H+ formed as byproduct

40
Q

Once the CO2 dissociates and forms h+ in the CSF, what detects it?

A

Central chemoreceptors

41
Q

What is the effect of H+ stimulating central chemoreceptors?

A

Stimulate respiratory control centre and increase ventilation

Reduces the pco2 of CO2

Need more oxygen, H+ reflects higher PCO2

42
Q

Why do we want to regulate the levels of CO2 in the blood?

A

CO can be produced and that is toxic

High affinity for haemoglobn and reduce the amount of O2 that can bind

43
Q

Are we sensitive to small changes in co2?

A

Yes

Small changes in CO2 mean large changes in ventilation to help get rid of the CO2 and reduce toxic CO

BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences (37 decks)

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