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BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences > Hygiene and disinfection > Flashcards

Hygiene and disinfection Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are examples of infectious agents?

A

bacteria
viruses
fungi
prions

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2
Q

What is vegetative bacteria?

A

where bacteria grow and reproduce

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3
Q

What is spore bacteria?

A

in a form of hybernation

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4
Q

What are examples of spore bacteria?

A

clostridium and bacillus spp.

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5
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A
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6
Q

What is a bacterial infectious agent?

A

staphlococcus aureus

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7
Q

What is the reservoir for S. aureus?

A

The nasal vestibule

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8
Q

What is the portal of exit for S. aureus?

A

draining a wound

sneezing

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9
Q

What is the portal of entry for S. aureus?

A

skin and intravascular devices

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10
Q

mode of transmission of S. aureus?

A

contaminated hands

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11
Q

Who is a susceptible host for S. aureus?

A

chronic conditions…

diabetes

cancer

eczema

lung disease

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12
Q

What are the steps in the decontamination cycle?

A
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13
Q

When is the decontamination cycle important?

A

for not single use items

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14
Q

Decontamination definition

A

the combination of processes including cleaning, disinfection and/or sterilisation , used to render a re-usable item for further use

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15
Q

What are the overall aims of decontamination?

A
  1. make the item safe for staff to handle without presenting an infection hazard
  2. make the item safe to use on a patient
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16
Q

Cleaning definition

A

the process that physically removes soiling including large numbers of micro-organisms and the organic material on which they thrive

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17
Q

Is there a standard methodology for cleaning procedure?

A

yes

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18
Q

Disinfection definition

A

reduction i the number of viable micro-organisms on a product to a level previously specified as appropriate for its intended further handling or use

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19
Q

What is a cidal effect of microorganisms?

A

killing of organisms

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20
Q

What is a static effect on microorganisms?

A

reduction in reproduction of organisms

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21
Q

What are disinfectants often?

A

chemicals

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22
Q

What are the main ways chemicals can cause a static effect?

A

modification of proteins

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23
Q

What are the main ways chemicals cause a cidal effect?

A

disruption of cell membrane

24
Q

What are example of chemicals causing a cidal effect by disruption of the cell membrane?

A

alcohol

detergents

phenol (rarely used)

25
Q

What are examples of chemicals causing a static effect by modification of proteins?

A

chlorine

iodine

heavy metals

hydrogen peroxide

formaldehyde

string acids/alkalis

26
Q

What chemicals are used to modify the nucleic acids of bacteria?

A

dyes e.g. crystal violet

27
Q

Other than chemical disinfection, what else can be used?

A

thermal disinfection

e.g. washer-disinfector

28
Q

What are the 3 things you should consider when carrying out the risk assessment of a disinfective agent?

A

toxicity

shelf-life

ease of use

29
Q

Sterile definition

A

the process to render a product sterile

subject to a sterilisation process there is less than 1 in a million chance probability of a surviving organism

30
Q

What are the 4 methods of sterilisation?

A

heat

chemical

radiation

filtration

31
Q

How does heat sterilise?

A

destruction of micro-organisms by denaturing proteins

32
Q

What are 3 types of heat sterilisation?

A

dry heat

moist heat

pasteurisation

33
Q

What is the most common type of heat sterilisation in dentistry?

A

moist heat

34
Q

What temperature is dry heat sterilisation carried out and for how long?

A

180 d.c.

2 hours

35
Q

What can sterilise at a lower temperature; moist or dry heat?

A

moist heat

steam

36
Q

What is the most common form of moist heat sterilisation?

A

autoclave

37
Q

What should be carried out before autoclave sterilisation?

A

items must be

cleaned
rinsed
dried

38
Q

Can instruments in an autoclave be touching?

A

no

39
Q

Wat are the 2 types of autoclave?

A

non-vacuum (type N)

Vacuum (type B)

40
Q

How does the non-vacuum autoclave (Type N) sterilise?

A

bench top autoclave

do not have a vacuum

rely on gravity displacement

instruments not wrapped up

41
Q

How does the vacuum autoclave (Type B) sterilise?

A

Forced air removal for porous loads and wrapped instruments.

42
Q

What is the advantage of a type B autoclave?

A

the instruments come out already wrapped

43
Q

What is the temperature, pressure and time required to safely sterilise dental equipment?

A

pressure: 2.25 bars
temp: 134 d.c.
time: 3 mins

44
Q

For some plastics/instruments, what is the alternative to autoclave sterilisation?

A

chemical gas

ethylene oxide (most common)

alkylates and nucleic acids

UV

x-rays

filtration

45
Q

Can radiation be used for sterilisation?

A

yes

46
Q

Do spores need a higher dose of UV radiation for sterilisation?

A

yes

x10 higher dose to kill spores

47
Q

What can X-ray sterilisation kill and not kill?

A

kill vegetative cells

spores more resistant

48
Q

When would you use filtration for sterilisation?

A

useful for liquids such as IV infusion

air in hospitals theatres

49
Q

What is used for filtration sterilisation?

A

membrane filter, different sizes depending on what microorganism you want to filter out

50
Q

What constitutes high risk category?

A

items which penetrate skin

enter sterile body areas

contact with severely ulcerated mucous membranes

51
Q

How would you decontaminate high risk category instruments?

A

sterilisation

(autoclave, EO etc)

52
Q

What constitutes intermediate category?

A

contact with intact mucous membranes or non-intact skin

53
Q

How would you decontaminate intermediate risk instruments?

A

sterilisation/ disinfection (heat, chemical)

54
Q

What constitutes low risk category?

A

contact with intact skin or not in contact with patient

55
Q

How would you decontaminate low risk category instruments?

A

cleaning (general-purpose detergent)

BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences (37 decks)

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