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BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences > Respiratory Physiology - Gas transport in the blood > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology - Gas transport in the blood Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What 2 forms does oxygen travel in blood?

A

in solution in plasma and bond to haemoglobin in red blood cells

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2
Q

Of 200ml, what is the split of Oxygen in plasma and RBC?

A

3ml PLASMA

297ml RBC

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3
Q

What percent of CO2 is carried in RBC and plasma?

A

23% RBC

77% PLASMA

very soluble

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4
Q

What is the O2 demand of resting tissue?

A

250ml/min

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5
Q

How much blood can haemoglobin carry per litre of blood?

A

197ml

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6
Q

How much O2 is there in each litre of blood?

A

200ml

197 haemoglobin
3ml plasma

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7
Q

How much oxygen do we deliver to our peripheral tissues per minute?

A

1000ml per min

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8
Q

What percent of oxygen in peripheries is metabolised?

A

25%

massive excess

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9
Q

What is the common form of haemoglobin?

A

A

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10
Q

What does each chain in haemoglobin associate with? and how many oxygens does each heam group associate with?

A

haem group

1 Fe2+

4 chains and associated with 4 molecules of O2

each 4 chains creates a binding site for 1 oxygen

carry 4 in total per RBC

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11
Q

What is the reaction between the association of the iron atom and haem group called?

A

oxygenation reaction

weaker reaction than oxidation

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12
Q

What is the cooperative biding of haemoglobin?

A

as the number of bound oxygen molecules increases in the association reaction, the apparent binding affinity increases

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13
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli and in arterial circulation?

A

100mmHg

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14
Q

What does haemoglobin help maintain and how?

A

maintain partial pressure gradient of O2 in the alveoli and blood

by sucking the oxygen in until saturation

4 O2 per haemoglobin

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15
Q

What does haemoglobin react with oxygen to form?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

HbO2

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16
Q

How log does it take for the haemoglobin to be fully saturated with Oxygen?

A

0.25 seconds

17
Q

Does the fall in oxygen in plasma effect the oxygen bound to haemoglobin?

A

no, can fall by ~40% and has minimal effect in haemoglobin bound to oxygen

it is still 90% saturated

18
Q

When do plasma levels effect the oxygen bound to haemoglobin?

A

when they fall below 60%

19
Q

What s the normal partial pressure of mercury at resting tissues?

A

40mmHg

20
Q

Is veous blood deoxygenated?

A

no, still has 75% oxygenated, 25% has gone to tissues.

21
Q

What is venous and arterial partial pressure?

A

100mmHg is arterial

40mmHg is venous

22
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of someone who is anaemic?

A

nothing, PO2 is normal despite total blood O2 content being low

23
Q

Is it possible for red blood cells to be fully saturated in anaemia? and why?

A

YES

As saturation relies on partial pressure ad this is normal in anaemia

24
Q

What happens f you slide the resting cell arterial pressure to a higher partial pressure?

A

change the offloading of oxygen, not as strong gradient to offload

25
Q

What factors can cause the oxyhaemoglobin curve to shift?

A

pH
PCO2
Temp
DPG

26
Q

What does a decrease in pH, increase in PCO2 and temp…

cause the oxyhaemoglobin curve to shift in what direction?

(exercise)

A

right

Bohr effect - promoting oxygen offloading at peripherals

27
Q

What does a decrease in pH, increase in PCO2 and temp…

aid in loading or unloading of oxygen at peripherals?

A

unloading

reduces affinity of oxygen and haemaglobin.

the oxygen becomes less saturated with oxygen

give oxygen to peripherals

28
Q

what happens to haemoglobins affinity for oxygen when…

pH increases
pCO2 decreases
Temp decreases?

A

curve shift left

increase affinity for oxygen

29
Q

What is occurring is

pH increases
pCO2 decreases
Temp decreases?

A

hypothermia

peripheral tissues cannot access oxygen as the affinity of haemoglobin has increased

30
Q

What is DPG?

A

diphosphoglycerate

31
Q

When do RBC produce more DPG?

A

HYPOXIA

chronic lung or heart disease

high altitudes

help maintain oxygen release

32
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

describes red blood cells’ ability to adapt to changes in the biochemical environment

33
Q

Does carbon monoxide have a higher affinity for haemoglobin than oxygen?

A

yes

very high

hard to get off once bound

34
Q

What diseases does CO occur?

A

hypoxia and anaemia

35
Q

What is the partial pressure gradient of CO2 from peripherals to arterial structures?

A

peripheral = 46 mmHg

arterial = 40 mmHg

BDS2 Applied Medical Sciences (37 decks)

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