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Skill Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ‘skill’?

A

A learned ability to bring about a pre-determined result with maximum certainty and efficiency

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2
Q

What are basic skills?

A

Are easy to do and can be transferred between sports. Need to learn how to perform basic skills before developing complex skills

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3
Q

What are complex skills?

A

Require greater coordination and control and are sport specific e.g. Butterfly in swimming
Require a greater deal of practice and are not as transferable

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4
Q

What is an open skill?

A

A skill which is affected by many external environmental factors e.g. When returning a ball in tennis - ball height, going, speed

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5
Q

What is a closed skill?

A

A skill only affected by the performer e.g. High jump/running

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6
Q

What is a cognitive skill?

A

Involves thought processes and intellectual ability e.g. Best formation for a team

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7
Q

What is a perceptual skill?

A

A skill that involves the detection and interpretation of stimuli from the environment e.g. Opposing player marking intended player has to pass to someone else

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8
Q

What is a motor skill?

A

A skill that involves physical movement and muscular control e.g. Perfect serve

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9
Q

What is a psychomotor skill?

A

A skill that involves combination of movement and perceptual ability e.g. Been tackled sees teammate performs a pass to move ball on

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10
Q

What is a discrete skill?

A 
A skill that has a clear start, middle and end
Short duration
Single specific skills
To repeat must start again
E.g. Catching
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11
Q

What is a serial skill?

A

A skill that is formed in a linked series of discrete skills
Has a set order/sequence
E.g. Triple jump

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12
Q

What is a continuous skill?

A

A skill that has no clear beginning or end
Extended time duration
End of one movement is start of the next
E.g. Swimming/cycling

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13
Q

What is a gross skill?

A

A skill that involves large muscle movements and groups at one time
Not precise movement
Includes many fundamental movement patterns
E.g. Walking, running & jumping

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14
Q

What is a fine skill?

A

A skill that involves small muscle groups
Intricate movements
Precise and involves high levels of hand-eye coordination
Accuracy
E.g potting a ball in snooker

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15
Q

What is a self-paced skill?

A

A skill that a performer controls the start of the movement, speed and are usually closed skills e.g. Golf swing

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16
Q

What is an externally paced skill?

A

A skill which is initiated by other actions
Change action speed in relation to others actions or changes in the environment
Usually open skills e.g. Waiting for game to start

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17
Q

What is the difference between skill and ability?

A

A skill is learnt
You can forget a skill
Abilities are genetic/natural
Enduring , development can occur by training - building blocks for learning a variety of skills

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18
Q

What is motor ability?

A

Involves movement - links with fitness components

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19
Q

What is perceptual ability?

A

Involves processing of information and then implementing movement

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20
Q

Three types of receptors in Whiting’s model are…

A

Exteroceptors, proprioceptors and interoceptors

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21
Q

What is an exteroceptor?

A

Information gathered from outside the body - extrinsic e.g. Sight, sound & touch

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22
Q

What is a proprioceptor?

A

Information gathered from inside the body via nerve receptors in the muscles and joints - intrinsic - kinaesthetic awareness (how it feels)

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23
Q

What is an interoceptor?

A

Information from the internal, passed to the CNS to control functions e.g. Blood flow, blood pressure and body temperature

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24
Q

What are the perceptual mechanisms in Whiting’s model?

A

Part of the brain which perceives information from the sense organs about the surroundings and gives it meaning

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25
What are the translatory mechanisms in Whiting's model?
Part of the brain which makes decisions and sorts out and process the few relevant bits of information
26
What are the effector mechanisms in Whiting's model?
Part of brain which carries out the decisions and sends messages via the nervous system to the limbs and body parts which act out the relevant skill
27
Order of the basic model for information processing?
Input: stimuli to senses Decision making: what stimuli mean and what to do Output: motor programme runs muscle (performance) Feedback
28
What is perception?
Stimulus identification | Performer needs to identify and interpret which information is relevant and important
29
What are the three elements of perception?
DCR Detection: realising there is a stimulus Comparison: allows us to realise the thing you need to concentrate on Recognition: allows us to remember if we have seen it before
30
What happens when the unexpected happens?
There is a slight delay in our reaction... Single channel/limited proceeding capacity - only one stimulus at a time One signal has to be cleared before another can be responded Can only respond to one stimulus at a time
31
What is attention?
The amount of information we can cope with We have limited attentional capacity Performer must attend to only relevant info and ignore irrelevant info - selective attention
32
Some parts of a performance become automatic...
Information to those parts do not require attention - performer can develop new elements of skill as have time to attend
33
How can the coach help with attention?
Need to help the performer take advantage of spare attentional capacity Need to direct attention of the performer to enable them to concentrate and reduce the chance of attention switching to distraction
34
Selective attention is...
The process of sorting out relevant. Information from the many received Attention passes the info to the STM which gives time for conscious analysis
35
Naturally attend to information that is:
- Familiar - Expected - Bold - Loud - Contrasting - Unusual
36
How can a coach help train selective attention?
- Coaches making cues more obvious - Better anticipation - Mental rehearsal - Performing at optimum level of arousal motivation - More experience the better
37
What are the memory stages?
``` Receptor system (input) Short term sensory store (STSS) Selective attention Short term memory (STM) (Long term memory [LTM]) Decision making Motor output Feedback ```
38
What is the receptor system/sensory input?
Information received from the surroundings
39
What is the STSS?
Receives info and holds it for less than a second prior to processing. Info deemed unimportant is lost and replaced by new info
40
What is selective attention?
Process of sorting out relevant bits of info from the many which are received
42
What is the STM?
Keeps info for short period of time (20-30s) after it has been deemed worthy of attention STM can carry 5-9 separate items of info Info can be used for problem solving or passed onto the LTM for permanent storage
43
Improving (STM) information retention:
- Knowing how (educate performer about skill details, explain what to do) - Brevity (be brief, no overload) - Clarity (advice/instruction simple, separate similar skills to distinguish between them) - Chunking (more info can be in STM of lumped together) - Organisation (organise the process, ensure info is meaningful) - Association/chaining (link new info with old) - Practice (repetition will enable it to be remembered)
44
What is the LTM?
Retains info for long periods of time Only very well leaned info is stored Permanent retention of info through repetition or rehearsal LTM = limitless, not forgotten, may require a code to recall
45
Situations and the LTM:
- when faced with new situation, relevant stimuli are passed on from the STM- where a comparison can be made with any similar experience - recognition occurs: similarities are notes and decision made quickly - situation new: a motor programme will be formed based on available knowledge - this may take slightly longer and delay decision making
46
Improving LTM...
- improve STM capability - 'OVERLEARNING' (automatic) of motor programmes - modified games and realistic practise situations - making the info relevant and meaningful - using mental rehearsal - to visualise a skill or movement - often prompted by tape/film or talk from a coach
47
Mental practice can be used to...
* Imagine success * Create a mental picture of skill * To control arousal level in advance of performance * To build self-confidence * To provide a mental warm up - promotes a state of readiness
48
Reaction time is the time between the..
the onset of a stimulus and the start of a response
49
The stimulus could be:
``` Kinaesthesia Hearing Touch Vision Pain Smell ```
50
Movement time is the time between the...
Start of the movement and its completion
51
Response time is the time from the onset of a...
Stimulus to the completion of the movement
52
Simple reaction is...
Only one option Is relevant to a single stimulus and a single possible response E.g. Gun shot in 100m sprint
53
Choice reaction is...
Several stimuli are given but only one must be selected for response More choices a person has, the more information needs processing and the longer it takes to process the information, the slower the reaction time E.g. 2 people driving for a ball
54
Hick's law states:
Reaction time increases as the number of stimuli increases More stimuli the longer the reaction time Flattens slightly-only so much stimuli can be taken in
55
Psychological refractory period (PRP) is when:
The presentation of a second stimulus causes the processing of information to slow down Causes a time lag (PRP) between the relevant stimulus and an appropriate response E.g. Selling a dummy in response
56
Factors affecting reaction time are:
- Age: older we get reaction times slow down - Gender: males quicker, women's decreases less - Stimulus intensity: increase in intensity will improve reaction time - Height: tall people have slower RT due to greater distance the information has to travel from performers brain to active muscles - Arousal levels: RT better when the performer is alert but not over aroused, must attend to important cues - Anticipation: body language/position may give cues e.g. Dummy
56
Training selective attention by...
- Coaches making cues more obvious - Better anticipation - Mental rehearsal - Performing at optimum level of arousal, motivation - The more experience the better
57
Anticipation is:
The ability to predict future events from early signals or past events. RT can be speeded up if the performer learns to anticipate certain actions
58
Good performers...
start running motor programmes before the stimulus is fully recognised. They anticipate strength, speed and direction of stimulus Enables them to eliminate PRP
59
Opponents reaction times can be increased by...
Increasing the number of choice of stimulus they have Increasing the number of fakes or dummies (Dawson/Robinson)
60
Psychological refractory period is the...
Presentation of a second stimulus will slow you down. Reaction time slowed as precious stimuli must be cleared before second can be processed (single-channel memory)
61
Why does the psychological refractory period happen?
Single-channel theory Attentional switching
62
Single-channel theory:
A performer can only attend to one thing at a time so information is processed sequentially
63
Attentional switching is:
Transferring attention from one situation to another. Although attention can be shared between situations, only one would be attended to at a time
64
How to improve response time:
- Detecting relevant cues - pick out relevant stimulus from other possible ones, choice reaction time reduced by eliminating others - Decision making - work on set pieces in open skill situations so that an 'automatic' complex response can be made to a simple open stimulus - Change in attentional focus - practice switching of concentration quickly from one to another - Controlling anxiety - anxiety would increase response times - reduce by calming strategies - Creating optimum motivation - psyching up - Warm-up
65
One of the most effective methods of improving response time is...
Anticipation
66
2 types of anticipation:
Spatial Temporal
67
Spatial anticipation is...
Predicting what will happen (badminton player notices change in shot action
68
Temporal anticipation is...
Predicting when it will happen (defender attempts to guess when the attacker will pass the ball)
69
Motor programme is...
A set of movements stored as a whole in the LTM Contains all the information required to make a movement; which muscles to use, the order in which muscles are used and the phasing and degree of contraction of muscles
70
Executive motor programme is a ...
Stored programme that is recalled by the memory when a specific action is required, and transmits the motor commands via nerve impulses to the relevant muscles, allowing movement to occur.
71
EMP is recalled when...
Needed, modified after execution and stored for future reference
72
Each EMP has an ...
Organised series of subroutines
73
Subroutines are...
Component parts that make up an executive motor programme
74
Two types of motor programmes...
Open loop control Closed loop control
75
Open loop control:
Applies to the executive programmes whose subroutines are SIMPLE and WELL-LEARNED AUTOMATIC completed RAPIDLY without time for feedback Apply to CLOSED and SELF-PACED skills (Tennis serve/discus throw)
76
Order of open loop control:
Motor control mechanism->motor commands->movement
77
Closed loop control...
Applies to ongoing movements Only part of the information necessary to complete a movement is sent to effector organs (neuromuscular system) Remaining information is sent following feedback via kinaesthesis Example performing a gymnastic move/complex dive
78
We need feedback in closed loop control to complete movement is because a previous...
Part of the skill can have an effect on the next part of the skill and therefore effecting the skill as a whole
79
Order of closed loop control is:
Motor control mechanism ->motor commands ->movement. ⤴Kinaesthetic Feedback
80
Factors affecting the efficiency of the information processing system and strategies for improvement include:
Improving selective attention Improving memory Improving reaction time Why skills are not always successful
81
Improve selective attention by:
``` Increase intensity of stimulus Motivate/arouse the performer/alert Focus on one cue Learn to ignore irrelevant stimuli Lots of relevant practise/rehearsal Mental rehearsal/imagery Transfer from previous experience to help with explanation/expectation ```
82
Improving memory:
``` Rehearse/overlearning Associate with familiar information Make information meaningful Make experience enjoyable Make stimuli contrasting Chunking/chaining/break up skill Imagery/mental rehearsal ```
83
Improving response times:
``` Detecting cue Detecting relevant stimuli Decision making Change in attentional focus Controlling anxiety Creating optimum motivation Warm up ```
84
Why skills are not always successful :
- Beginners unable to identify the appropriate stimuli - information overload, insufficient capacity to complete the whole skill - may lack the range of responses to deal with the situation - demand for rapid decision making, unable to concentrate on response and the skill breaks down, unable to decide on response - limited range of responses, not able to be adjusted to suit the demands of the situation

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