Barriers To Participation

Question 1

Define inclusiveness…

Answer 1

Having the right to equal opportunities according to their needs, but not necessarily participating together

Question 2

What is “disability sport”?

Answer 2

Includes people with PHYSICAL, MENTAL and SENSORY impairment

Question 3

What are the two organisations set up for disability?

Answer 3

English Federation of Disability Sports (EFDS)

Disability Sport England

Question 4

Barriers to disability participation:

Answer 4

• not enough sports adapted
• funding
• cost of equipment
• teaching assistance
• time
• less equipment
• not enough participants for club
• media / role models
• transport
• lack of knowledge
• stereotypes
• parental attitudes (no support)
• discrimination

Question 5

Solutions to barriers for disability:

Answer 5

• increase funding
• support organisations - EFDS, NGBs
• having another role (coach)
• increase teachers knowledge of sports adaptation
• specialised coaches
• change discriminative views (education)
• emphasis on role models
• equal rights/legislation
• more promotion/media

Question 6

Socio-economic barriers:

Answer 6

• travel cost
• subscription cost
• club fees
• socio-economic status
• clothing and equipment costs

Question 7

Socio-economic solutions:

Answer 7

• free sporting facilities at work
• lower equipment cost
• discount on memberships
• discount sports clothing
• free entrance during certain times
• free trial
• discount during off peak hours

Question 8

What is a ‘stereotype’?

Answer 8

A belief or assumption about individuals based on their membership in social groups e.g. All Indians are good at cricket

Question 9

What is a ‘prejudice’?

Answer 9

Negative feelings about others because of their membership in a social group e.g. White men can’t jump

Question 10

What is ‘discrimination’?

Answer 10

Behaviour directed against persons because of their membership in a social group

Question 11

Define ‘race’

Answer 11

The physical characteristics of an individual (skin colour)

Question 12

Define ‘racism’

Answer 12

A belief in superiority of one racial group over another (nazi belief in aryan race)

Question 13

Define ‘ethnicity’

Answer 13

The cultural adherence of a person or group (lifestyle or religious belief)

Question 14

What is racial discrimination in sport?

Answer 14

A person’s involvement in sport is in some ways interfere with on the basis of someone else’s prejudice about their racial type

Question 15

Ethnic minority groups barriers:

Answer 15

Abusive chants
Accessibility 
Discrimination
Inequality
Attitudes of other players/managers/coaches
Channelling
Racist incidents
Lack of role models
Lack of promotion
Lack of representation 
Lack of funding
Cultural/religious expectations

Question 16

Ethnic minority solutions:

Answer 16

Increase funding
More ethnic minorities on county associations
More role models
Better access
Programmes for people to go to committees and management
More promotion/publicity
Equality Act
Sport England/(CRE) Commission for Racial Equality
Campaigns: Let’s kick racism out of football, hit racism for six

Question 17

Define channelling

Answer 17

Young athletes placed into specific sports or positions based on factors such as height, speed, athleticism and race.
Assumption: if young athlete has a talent/skill that would help in a sport they must also love and want to play that sport

Question 18

Define stacking:

Answer 18

Placing athletes into certain positions based on racial/cultural stereotypes

Question 19

Define labelling:

Answer 19

Social processes involved in attributing positive or negative characteristics to acts, individuals or groups

Question 20

Gender refers to…

Answer 20

…what different societies and cultures attribute as appropriate behaviour for that sex
Gender roles have social expectations (can be difficult to fight against)
Stereotype and myths developed to create barriers as well as the idealistic image of femininity

Question 21

Why are gender roles and social expectations an issue in sport?

Answer 21

Women are under-represented at all levels of sport:
 Participation
 Positions of leadership/coaching
 Public recognition and media 
 Employment

Question 22

Practical barriers to female participation:

Answer 22

Location
Domestic chores
Funding
Lack of money
Lack of transport
Personal safety

Question 23

Solutions to practical barriers of female participation:

Answer 23

Share transport
Crèche facilities in sports clubs
Different payment options (flexible as possible)
Equitable access during peak times
Safety assessment of venue

Question 24

Personal barriers to female participation:

Answer 24

Body image (low self-esteem)
Clothing (sexualised, revealing, unfashionable)
Equipment
Parental & adult influence (emphasis on self-comparison and comments from adults
Lack of self-confidence (competitive, choose aesthetic activities)

Question 25

Solutions to personal barriers in female participation:

Answer 25

Ensure privacy
Female-only areas (changing rooms, single-sex activities, role models variety of sizes)
Parents & adults act as positive role models
More female roles (coaches, organisers, managers)
Youth Sport Trust/Nike Girls in Sport Initiative/[WSFF] women’s sport and fitness foundation
More variety

Question 26

Social & cultural barriers to female participation:

Answer 26

Male dominated culture of sport
Against femininity to be sporty (sexism)
Attitudes & prejudices about sexuality - homophobia for playing unmanly sports
Female invisibility (media representations, lack of role models, inbalance of media coverage)
Attitudes & prejudices about disability - less likely to participate
Sexual harassment & abuse

Question 27

Solutions to social & cultural barriers to female participation:

Answer 27

Child protection (CRB checked)
More disabled role models
Promoting role models - media coverage (inspire the next generation)
Legislation (1975 sex discrimination act) - confront discrimination, use of images
Change sexist assumptions - equal opportunities