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2 MSK > Skeletal Muscle Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 causes of impaired skeletal muscle

A

intrinsic disease of muscle, problem with NMJ, problem with lower motor neurons, problem with upper motor neurons

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2
Q

name the 2 factors influencing skeletal muscle tension?

A

number of muscle fibres contracting within the muscle, tension developed by each contracting muscle fibre

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3
Q

what allows the simultaneous contraction of muscle fibres

A

motor units

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4
Q

what would make contraction of muscle fibres stronger?

A

stimulation of more motor units

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5
Q

is the action potential shorter or longer in duration than the resulting contraction?

A

shorter

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6
Q

what aspect of the skeletal muscle action potential prevents tetanic contraction?

A

a long refractory period

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7
Q

describe the relationship developed by skeletal muscle tension and frequency of stimulation

A

skeletal muscle tension increases with increasing frequency of stimulation

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8
Q

when is skeletal muscle at its optimum length?

A

at resting conditions

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9
Q

when is cardiac muscle at its optimum length?

A

when stretched

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10
Q

name the contractile component of skeletal muscle

A

cross bridge cycling via sarcomeres

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11
Q

name the elastic component of skeletal muscle

A

stretching and tightening of muscle connective tissue and tendon

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12
Q

name the 2 types of skeletal muscle contraction

A

isotonic

isometric

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13
Q

which type of skeletal muscle contraction changes its length but not its tension

A

isotonic contraction

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14
Q

give an example of isotonic contraction

A

moving objects

body movements

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15
Q

which type of skeletal muscle contraction changes its tension but not its length

A

isometric contraction

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16
Q

give an example of isometric contraction

A

supporting objects

maintaining body posture

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17
Q

name the main differences between different types of skeletal muscle?

A

methods of ATP synthesis
resistance to fatigue
myosin ATPase activity

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18
Q

what effect does myosin ATPase have on skeletal muscle?

A

increases speed of muscle contraction as it makes ADP more readily available for cross bridging

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19
Q

name the different methods of ATP production in muscle

A

creatinine phosphate to ADP, oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis

20
Q

which pathway provides the main source of ATP when oxygen isnt present

A

glycolysis

21
Q

which pathway provides the main source of ATP when oxygen is present

A

oxidative phosphorylation

22
Q

name the 3 types of skeletal muscle

A

type 1, 2 and 2x

23
Q

which skeletal muscle type has a slow contraction speed and a high resistance to fatigue

A

type 1

24
Q

which skeletal muscle type has a high contraction speed and large number of mitochondria

A

2a

25
Q

which skeletal muscle type depends on anaerobic activity?

A

2x

26
Q

which skeletal type is white?

A

white

27
Q

through what kind of activity is type 1 skeletal muscle used?

A

walking, posture maintenance

28
Q

through what kind of activity is type 2a skeletal muscle used?

A

jogging, moderate activity

29
Q

through what kind of activity is type 2x skeletal muscle used?

A

short term high intensity eg jumping

30
Q

why are type 2 skeletal muscles very fast?

A

high myosin ATPase activity

31
Q

what is a reflex action?

A

a stereotyped response to a specific stimulus

32
Q

is the stretch reflex a negative or positive feedback mechanism?

A

negative

33
Q

what structure is the sensory receptor in the stretch reflex?

A

muscle spindle

34
Q

what is the sensory receptor activated by in the stretch reflex?

A

muscle stretch

35
Q

what causes contraction of muscle in the stretch reflex?

A

stretching of the muscle stimulates firing of afferent neurons, these synapse in the spinal cord with the alpha motor neurons that innervate muscle

36
Q

what nerve levels and overall nerve are tested in the knee jerk test?

A

L3, L4; femoral

37
Q

what are muscle spindles?

A

collection of specialised muscle fibres

38
Q

where muscle spindles found?

A

in the belly of muscles parallel to normal muscle fibres

39
Q

what is an extrafusal fibre?

A

normal muscle fibre

40
Q

what are the sensory nerve endings of muscle spindles called?

A

annulospiral fibres

41
Q

what are the efferent neurons that supply muscle spindles called?

A

gamma motor neurons

42
Q

what do gamma motor neurons do?

A

adjust tension levels in skeletal muscle to maintain sensitivity

43
Q

does the contraction of muscle spindles contribute to overall muscle contraction?

A

no

44
Q

give an example of an inflammatory acquired myopathy

A

polymyositis

45
Q

give an example of a non-inflammatory acquired myopathy

A

fibromyalgia

46
Q

give an example of an endocrine acquired myopathy

A

cushings syndrome, thyroid disease

47
Q

investigations for neuromuscular disease?

A

electromyography
nerve conduction study
creatine kinase
CRP

2 MSK (61 decks)

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