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2 MSK > Physiology of Joints > Flashcards

Physiology of Joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are bones separated by in a synovial joint?

A

cavity containing synovial unit

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2
Q

what are bones united by in a synovial joint?

A

fibrous capsule
ligaments
tendons
bursae

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3
Q

what is the inner aspect of fibrous capsule lined with?

A

synovial membrane

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4
Q

what kind of tissue is the synovial membrane?

A

vascular connective tissue with capillary networks and lymphatics

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5
Q

what kind of cells are present in the synovial membrane

A

synovial cells

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6
Q

what do synovial cells do?

A

produce synovial fluid and mucin (hyaluronic acid)

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7
Q

another name for synovial cells

A

fibroblasts

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8
Q

another name for articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

what is the difference between a simple and compound synovial joint?

A

simple= 1 pair of articular surfaces, compound= more than 1 pair of articular surfaces

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10
Q

main role of joints?

A

structural support

purposeful motion

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11
Q

how do joints create stability?

A

synovial fluid

ligament attachments

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12
Q

what does synovial fluid do?

A

lubricates joint,

facilitates joint movement, aids in nutrition of articular cartilage and chondrocytes

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13
Q

is synovial fluid viscous or thin?

A

viscous

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14
Q

why is synovial fluid viscous?

A

presence of hyaluronic acid aka mucin

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15
Q

why is articular cartilage so in need of nutrients?

A

it is avascular so needs its nutrients delivered by a medium

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16
Q

main cells contained in synovial fluid?

A

mononuclear leukocytes

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17
Q

how does synovial fluid viscosity and elasticity change during rapid movement

A

decreased viscosity

increased elasticity

18
Q

when do polymorph levels increase?

A

inflammation

infection

19
Q

what should synovial fluid look like?

A

clear and colourless

20
Q

when would synovial fluid turn red?

A

traumatic synovial tap

haemorrhagic arthritis

21
Q

when would you suspect a synovial fluid sample was septic?

A

opaque appearance

high WBC count

22
Q

functions of articular cartilage?

A

prevents wear and tear

distributes contact pressure to subchondral bone

23
Q

which part of the articular cartilage has the highest volume

A

extracellular matrix

24
Q

4 zones of articular cartilage?

A

superficial
middle
deep
calcified

25
Q

which type of collagen contributes most to the elastic behaviour of cartilage?

A

type 2

26
Q

what makes up the major component of cartilage?

A

water

27
Q

which type of collagen decreases with age?

A

type 2

28
Q

where is most of the articular cartilage’s water distributed?

A

near articular surface

29
Q

what is the role of collagen in cartilage?

A

provides stiffness and strength

maintains architecture

30
Q

where is proteoglycan found in cartilage?

A

middle and deep zones

31
Q

what is the role of proteoglycan in cartilage

A

compression i.e load bearing

32
Q

what cells maintain and organise the extracellular matrix?

A

chondrocytes

33
Q

what do catabolic factors of the ECM do?

A

stimulate proteolytic enzymes and inhibit proteoglycan synthesis

34
Q

give examples of catabolic factors of cartilage matrix turnover?

A

TNFa

IL-1

35
Q

what do anabolic factors of the ECM do?

A

stimulate proteoglycan synthesis and counteract effects of IL-1

36
Q

give examples of anabolic factors of the ECM?

A

TGF-b

IGF-1

37
Q

name markers of cartilage degradation

A

increased type 2 collagen

increased serum and synovial keratin sulfate

38
Q

what causes rheumatoid arthritis?

A

synovial cell proliferation and inflammation

39
Q

what causes soft tissue rheumatism?

A

injury and inflammation to periarticular structures

40
Q

what are the pathological effects on subchondral bone from osteoarthritis?

A 
thickened capsule
cyst formation
sclerosis
fibrillated cartilage
hypertrophy
osteophyte formation
41
Q

name the cell types that drill into bone

A

osteoclasts

2 MSK (61 decks)

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