Single-Pilot Resource Management Flashcards
Single-Pilot Resource Management, SRM, is defined as the art and science
of managing all the resources available to a single pilot to ensure that the outcome of the flight is successful. This includes resources on board the aircraft and from outside sources, as well as those available:
Prior to and during the flight.
What is the first step to managing risk?
Identify the threat or opportunity.
What type of fatigue is brought on by stress and prolonged performance of cognitive work?
Mental fatigue.
In what ways can verbal communication be used in single pilot operations?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following behaviors does NOT support effective communication?
Use abbreviations and jargon for faster communications.
Language-related problems can cause errors in communication that result in improper maneuvers due to unclear clearances. In one example, during a taxi maneuver, the tower issued instructions in a heavy accent. The pilot understood, “Cleared into position and wait”. In an attempt to clarify the clearance, the pilot replied, “Did you clear us into position and hold?”, to which the tower responded in the affirmative. When the pilot proceeded beyond the ILS hold line, the tower shouted “Stop!” and the pilot spotted an airliner breaking out of the clouds. Which of the following would be the most effective method of clarifying the instructions, were a similar situation to occur again?
Rephrase the instructions using different words, such as “Do you want us to proceed onto the runway?”
How would one correctly apply assertiveness in the following scenario? Prior to takeoff, a flight attendant notices snow on the wings of the aircraft. The pilot is beginning to taxi. The flight attendant should:
Notify the pilot of snow on the wings and suggest deicing.
While in terminal airspace, you hear a clearance provided to another aircraft that seems to contradict your own clearance. What should you do?
Notify the controller to obtain clarification and/or resolution.
Good crew coordination is found more frequently in crews who regularly ask and answer questions of each other. How can this be applied to single-pilot operations?
By requesting clarification of ATC instructions and provided read-back of clearances.
Which of the following captures the concept of assertiveness?
Being persistent in having your thoughts or opinion heard.
A pilot is flying to an unfamiliar, uncontrolled airport to transport maintenance technicians to another company aircraft in need of repairs. During landing, no other aircraft were heard on the radio frequency, so the pilot proceeded. A technician in the cabin, unsure if the other aircraft he sees poses a threat, calls out and asks the pilot “Do you see that plane?” The pilot had not seen it. Post-flight, the pilot thanked the technician for his assertion. What improvement to communication should the pilot discuss with the technician?
The technician should have provided the relative location of the aircraft, for example by saying “Do you see the plane at 9 o’clock?”
The ADM process addresses all aspects of decision making in the cockpit and identifies the steps involved in good decision making. The first step for good decision making is:
Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight.
SRM is defined as the art and science of managing all the resources available to a single pilot to ensure that the outcome of the flight is successful. This includes resources on board the aircraft and from outside sources, as well as those available:
Prior to and during the flight.
The two defining elements of ADM are hazard and risk. Identify the risk in this scenario: An experienced pilot is doing his pre-flight check of the aircraft and notices a small, blunt-type nick in the leading edge at the middle of the aircraft’s prop. Since the aircraft was parked on the tarmac, the pilot guesses that the nick was caused by another aircraft’s prop wash blowing debris into the propeller. Based on his experience, he does not expect the nick to cause the propeller blade to fracture and continues the flight. The risk in this scenario is:
The risk of blade fracture due to the nick in the propeller blade.
Being fit to fly depends on more than just a pilot’s physical condition and recent experience. His or her attitude is also an important factor. Studies have identified five hazardous attitudes that can interfere with the ability to make sound decisions and exercise authority properly. Consider the following scenario: A pilot discovers the airplane he usually flies is out for maintenance work. The weather forecasts a clear day between the takeoff airport and the destination so he decides to complete the flight under VFR since he’s not as familiar with the new aircraft’s instrument panel. During the flight he unexpectedly encounters IMC. Rather than turn back or divert to an alternate airport, the pilot files an IFR flight plan in the air and receives the appropriate clearance. He thinks “That’s not going to happen to me, I’m more careful than that.” What hazardous attitude is this pilot exhibiting?
Invulnerability.
What is considered as the most important item of single-pilot CRM?
Workload Management.
There are several models for problem-solving and decision making. Of those models, which one can be used to consider potential hazards of each element of the PAVE checklist (Pilot, Aircraft, Environment, and External Pressures)?
The CARE checklist (Consequences, Alternatives, Reality, External Factors).
When making a decision in a limited-time situation where standard operating procedures do not provide a clear response process, the most important thing that a pilot can do in order to decide upon a response is to:
Assess the situation and use the first workable solution.
Consider the following scenario then select the response that illustrates an attitude of “resignation”. During your preflight check you notice, as usual, that items in the cockpit were not stowed properly at the end of the previous flight and some empty drink and food containers were not thrown out.
This always happens. Might as well just clean it up and get on with the flight.
One practical application of SRM is the Five Ps. The Five Ps are based on the idea that pilots have essentially five variables that impact his or her environment and forces him/her to make decisions which can affect the outcome of the flight. These variables are:
The Plan, the Plane, the Pilot, the Passengers, and the Programming.
Identifying risks is paramount in risk management. Risks can be divided into four basic categories. These categories are typically considered to be:
Pilot, Aircraft, Environment, and External Pressures.
A risk matrix assesses what two items?
The likelihood of an event occurring and the consequence (severity) of that event.
During a risk assessment, you determine that the probability of an event occurring is unlikely but possible. On the standard Risk Assessment Matrix this would typically be considered as:
Remote.
When assessing the severity of a possible event, if it would result in injuries that were minor, and minor damage, it would be considered:
Marginal
Consider the following scenario and then choose the best preflight risk management from the options provided. As a minimum qualified pilot (with 50 actual instrument flight hours and 25 on simulator) you are preparing a 350 mile trip for a client. The destination forecast is for IFR ceilings and visibilities with conditions tending to worsen at your ETA. This is your first flight on this route and to this particular destination, and you are flying with new IFR GPS and will be required to make a GPS stand-alone approach, which you have only flown once before. The client is pushing to ensure the flight is not cancelled and arrives on time because he has an important meeting. You’ve chosen a suitable alternate 100 miles distant, where the weather is forecast to be better than the destination. You have some stress related to work pressures to ensure that the flight goes as planned but are otherwise in good mental and physical condition.
You schedule to have a rental car for the client ready at the alternate, should the need arise to divert and notify the client that due to weather you may need to divert to an alternate airport.
Kim is a helicopter pilot who is careful to avoid hypoxia since he flies an unpressurized aircraft. Consider Kim’s hypoxia prevention strategies and what type of hypoxia each addresses. What type of hypoxia is not addressed by Kim’s prevention strategies? Kim ensures that he has a quick-don oxygen mask in the cockpit and plenty of oxygen for any flight time at higher altitudes, he doesn’t drink before flying, and always ensures a buffer between donating blood and flight.
Stagnant.
What can be the first symptom of hypoxia?
Euphoria and a carefree feeling.
Joseph has been experiencing seasonal allergies for the past few days which have included severe congestion of the sinuses. Why would it be a good idea for Joseph to postpone flying?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following provides the most complete definition of situational awareness?
Perception of and comprehension of the elements of one’s environment and the ability to project the implication of that environment into the future.
“Attention sampling” can be used to ensure that one or more sources of information do not get neglected. Which of the following is a good example of “attention sampling”?
Developing a scanning technique that involves all instruments in order not to miss an important source of information.
When it comes to environmental factors such as weather during a flight, which of the following actions would be most helpful for maintaining situational awareness?
Anticipate weather changes that might require diversions by having a contingency plan prepared.
