Shelf: Thorax Embryo

Question 1

primitive ventricle

Answer 1

enlarges and folds over to form the base and left margin fo the heart

Question 2

septum primum

Answer 2

crescent shape membrane that grows from the roof of the primitive atrium toward the endocardial cushions

Question 3

foramen primum

Answer 3

space below septum primum that allows right and left atria to communicate

Question 4

foramen secundum

Answer 4

forms in the center of the septum primum

Question 5

foramen ovale

Answer 5

opening between upper and lower limbs of septum secundum

Question 6

How is functional closure of the foramen ovale achieved

Answer 6

decrease in right atrial pressure and increase in left atrial pressure forces the septum primum against the septum secundum to close the foramen ovale

Question 7

End state of septum primum & secundum

Answer 7

they fuse to complete the formation of the atrial septum

Question 8

patent foramen ovale
what is it
symptoms

Answer 8

allows a continuation of atrial blood shunting

symptoms: asymptomatic

Question 9

What causes patent foramen ovale?

Answer 9

abnormal reabsorption of the septum primum during the formation of the septum secundum

Question 10

premature closure of foramen ovale

Answer 10

closure of the foramen ovale during prenatal life; results in hypertrophy of the right side of the heart and underdevelopment of the left side of the heart

Question 11

membranous vsd
cause
result
associated with

Answer 11

cause: faulty fusion of right and left bulbar ridge, AV cushions
result: opening b/w right and left ventricles that allows free flow of blood (shunting of blood, left to right or right to left)

Question 12

left to right shunting of blood

symptoms

Answer 12

pulmonary hypertension, increased pulmonary blood floor

Question 13

right to left shunting of blood

symptoms

Answer 13

cyanotic baby at birth

Question 14

prenatal shunt type

Answer 14

right to left shunt

Question 15

heart development begins in what week

Answer 15

week 4

Question 16

muscular IV

Answer 16

develops in midline of floor of primitive ventricle and grows toward AV cushions

Question 17

IV foramen is closed by

Answer 17

membranous IV septum

Question 18

membranous AV septum components

Answer 18

right bulbar ridge
left bulbar ridge
AV cushions

Question 19

VSD’s normally occur in

Answer 19

membranous interventricular septum

Question 20

aorticopulmonary septum

Answer 20

spiral septum formed as the truncal ridges grow, spiral and fuse

Question 21

aortic arch 3 gives rise to

Answer 21

R & L common carotid A’s

R and L internal carotid A’s

Question 22

aortic arch 4 gives rise to

Answer 22

right subclavian artery

arch of the aorta

Question 23

aortic arch 6 gives rise to

Answer 23

L and R pulmonary arteries

ductus arteriosus

Question 24

persistent truncus arteriosus
characterized by
what happens?
outcomes

Answer 24

characterized by a ventricular septal defect, single truncal valvae & common ventricular outflow

happens: systemic venous blood & pulmonary venous blood mix and desaturated blood is ejected into the single outflow tract
outcome: without surgical intervention, death in infancy

Question 25

coarctation of the aorta

what is it
most common

Answer 25

what: narrowing of aorta
common: just beyond L subclavian
symptoms: strong radial pulse but weak femoral pulse, stronger upper body rib notching

Question 26

Transposition of Great Arteries
caused by
results in

Answer 26

cuased by: failure of aorticopulmonary septum to undergo 180 degree spiral
result: aorta connected to R ventricle & pulmonary circulation; Pulmonary A connected to L ventricle and systemic circulation

oxygenated blood is recycled back to the lungs and deoxygenated blood is returned to the body via the misplaed aorta

Question 27

Transposition of great vessels symptoms

Answer 27

body does not receive adequate oxygen saturation, baby becomes cyanotic

Question 28

Tetralogy of Fallot Symptoms

Answer 28

pulmonary artery stenosis
overriding aorta
ventricular septal defect
right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 29

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

what keeps it patent
what closes it

Answer 29

patent: prostaglandin
indomethacin: closes it