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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Shelf: 100 Must Know Concepts > Flashcards

Shelf: 100 Must Know Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Lumbar Puncture

needle penetrates what levels
b/w vertebrae

spinal cored termination in adults and children

A

LP: needle enters subarachnoid space to extract CSF or to inject anesthetic to the epidural space

levels: L3/L4 or L4/L5; level or hoizontal line through upper points of iliac crest
adult: L2; children: L3

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2
Q

Herniated disc
region
nerve compression
result of lumbar herniation

A

region: cervical or lumbar
nerve compression: the root one number below
(ex: L4/L5 herniation affects L5 nerve)

result: lower limb reflexes decreased on the affected side

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3
Q

Patellar tendon reflex decrease means herniation of

A

L2/L3 or L3/L4

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4
Q

Achilles tendon reflex decrease means hernation of

A

L5/S1

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5
Q

Kyphosis

A

exaggeration of thoracic curvature that may result from osteoporosis or disk degenration

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6
Q

Lordosis

A

exaggeration of lumbar curvagure

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7
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral deviation or torsion

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8
Q

Humerus Surgical Neck Fractures

A

affect anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries and the axillary nerve

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9
Q

Humerus Midshaft Fracture

A

affects radial nerve and profunda brcachii

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10
Q

Supracondylar region humerus fracture

A

brachial artery and median nerve

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11
Q

Medial epicondylar humerus fracture

A

ulnar nerve

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12
Q

Scaphoid Fracture

issue

A

proximal fragment may undergo avascular necrosis

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13
Q

Abduction of Upper Limb

A

0-15: supraspinatus muscle (suprascapular N)
15-110: deltoid muscle (axillary N)
110-180: trapezius (spinal accessory nerve)

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14
Q

scapular anastamoses

A

suprascapular
subscapular
circumflex scapular
transverse cervical

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15
Q

Injury to musculocutaneous nerve

A

weakens flexion of the elbow and supination of the arm

accompanied by anesthesia over lateral aspect of forearm

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16
Q

Describe trendelenburg sign

A

superior gluteal nerve injury leads to contralateral dropped hip

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17
Q

What are the structures under the inguinal ligament/

A

(from lateral to medial):

femoral nerve
femoral artery
femoral vein
femoral canal

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18
Q

Describe a femoral hernia

more frequently in
dangerous because

A

femoral hernia passes below the inguinal ligament into the inguinal canal

occurs more frequently in women
dangerous b/c hernial sac may become strangulated

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19
Q

Unhappy triad of knee joint injuries includes

A

tibial collateral ligament
medial meniscus
ACL

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20
Q

ACL rupture leads to

A

tibia can be pulled excessively forward on the femur, exhibiting anterior drawer sign

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21
Q

PCL rupture

A

tibia can be pushed backward excessively on the femur, exhibiting posterior drawer sign

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22
Q

Ankle sprain
usually always
what ligament

A 
usually always an inversion injury
lateral ligament (anterior talofibular ligament)
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23
Q

Fibular neck fracture

A

causes injury to the common fibular nerve, which winds around the neck of the fibula

leads to foot drop

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24
Q

Peau d Orange

A

lymphatic drainage causes shortening of the suspensory ligaments of cooper, causing dimpling of the skin

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25
Q

Diaphragm paralysis results in

A

phrenic nerve issues

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26
Q

Phrenic nerve course

A

anterior to the root of the lung

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27
Q

Vagus nerve course

A

posterior to the root of the lung

28
Q

Cardiac Hypertropy

A

left atrial enlargement secondary to mitral valve failure can compress on the esophagus and manifest as dysphagia

29
Q

SA node

A

site where contraction of heart muscle is initiated; situated near the opening of the SVC

30
Q

AV Node

A

receives impulses from the SA node; situated in lower part of atrial septum near coronary sinus

31
Q

AV bundle fo HIS

A

descends from AV node to ventricular septum where it divides into L and R bundle branches

32
Q

RCA Supplies

A

right atrium & ventricle
SA node
AV node

33
Q

Most common place of MI

A

LAD

34
Q

AV Bundle supplied by

A

LCA

35
Q

ASD caused by

A

failure of the foramen ovale to close after birth

36
Q

Postnatally, ASD’s result in

A

left to right shunting (b/w right and left atrium) and are non cyanotic

37
Q

Most common septal defect

A

VSD

38
Q

VSD’s result in

A

left to right shunting (not cyanotic)

39
Q

VSD’s are found in the

A

membranous portion of the interventricular septum

40
Q 
Patent Ductus Arteriosus 
results from 
sustained by 
common in 
results in
A

failure of ductus arteriosus to constrict (connection b/w pulmonary trunk & aorta)
sustained by prostaglandin E2
common in cases of maternal rubella
results in left to right shunt

41
Q

Aneurysm of the aortic arch leads to

A

compression of left recurrent laryngeal nerve, coughing, hoarseness, dysphagia

42
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta
result from
clinical sign

A

result: congenital narrowing of aorta
sign: higher blood pressure in upper limbs than lower; rib notching

43
Q

First structure crossed by any abdominal hernia

A

transversalis fascia

44
Q

Indirect Inguinal Hernia characteristics

A

passes through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels, passes through the superficial inguinal ring to reach the scrotum

45
Q

Ligaments of lesser omentum

A

hepatogastric

hepatoduodenal

46
Q

Epiploic Foramen
Posterior
Superior
Inferior

A

posterior: IVC
superior: caudate lobe of liver
inferior: 1st part of duodenum

47
Q

Posterior Gastric Ulcer
Goes to
Affects what Artery

A

goes to lesser omentum; results in referred pain to the back

affects splenic artery

48
Q

Sliding Hiatal Hernia

A

hernia of the cardia of the stomach into the thorax through the esophageal hiatus

49
Q

Branches of celiac trunk

A

left gastric
common hepatic
splenic

50
Q

Likely artery to rupture during 1st part of duodenal erosion

A

gastroduodenal artery

51
Q

Common sites for impaction of gallstones

A
  1. common hepatic duct
  2. bile duct
  3. hepatopancreatic ampulla, which will lead to jaundice
52
Q

Gallstones in the fundus of the gallbladder

A

fundus is in contact with the transverse colon and gallstones erode through the posterior wall and enter the transverse colon, eventually get held up at the ileocecal junction

53
Q

Extrahepatic portocaval shunt

A

b/w splenic vein and left renal vein

54
Q

Intrahepatic portocaval shunt

A

b/w portal vein and hepatic veins

55
Q

Sites of portocaval anastamoses

A

esophageal veins
paraumbilical veins
rectal veins

56
Q

Rectal Anastamoses

A

b/w superior rectal (from IMV) and inferior rectal vein (from portal vein)

57
Q

Head of pancreas is traversed by

A

superior mesenteric vessels

58
Q

What are the ureteric constriction points?

A

ureteopelvic junction
pelvic brim
wall of urinary bladder

59
Q

Benign prostate hypertrophy usually involves which lobe

A

median lobe of the prostate

60
Q

Erection controlled by

A

parasympathetic fibres from the pelvic splanchnic nerves

61
Q

Ejaculation controlled by

A

sympathetic fibers from the inferior hypogastric plexus

62
Q

Ampulla of uterus

A

site of fertilization

63
Q

Hysterosalpingography
what is it
visualize

A

what: inject viscous iodine through the external os
visualize: uterine cervix, uterine cavity, and uterine tubes on x ray

64
Q

Anterior cranial fossa fracture

A

anosmia (fracture of cribiform plate)

65
Q

scaphocephaly

A

premature closure of the sagittal suture

66
Q

epidural hematoma caused by

A

skull fracture near pterion causing hematoma from middle meningeal artery

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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