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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Block 2: TBL 3 Review > Flashcards

Block 2: TBL 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

How do the normal positions of abdominal viscera arise?

A

due to a series of rotations and growth of the abdominal cavity

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2
Q

What is the consequence of anomalies during abdominal rotation and growth?

A

congenital disorders

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3
Q

Malrotation

A

rotation is not complete and the midgut is fixed

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4
Q

f(x) of the suspensory muscles of duodenum

A

determines the position of the duodenal junction

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5
Q

Where does the small bowel end?

A

ileocecal junction of the RLQ

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6
Q

Volvulus

A

twisting of the bowel

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7
Q

How does a volvulus happen?

A

the duodenal flexure of the cecum doesn’t end up in the right place

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8
Q

What does a volvulus lead to?

A

decreased blood flow and infarction

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9
Q

Mechanical Bowel Obstruction

A

caused by an intra-luminal, mutual or extrinsic mass

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10
Q

Functional bowel obstruction

A

inability of the bowel to peristalse

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11
Q

How does a functional bowel obstruction usually happen?

A

excessive bowel handling during surgery

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12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a bowel obstruction?

A

central abdominal, intermittent, colicky pain

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13
Q

Why is the pain associated w/ a bowel obstruction usually intermittent?

A

this is a characteristic of the peristaltic waves trying to overcome the obstruction

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14
Q

When will bowel distension happen?

A

in a low bowel obstruction

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15
Q

Bowel obstruction treatment

A

IV fluid replacement, relief of the obstruction

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16
Q

Diverticula Disease

A

development of multiple colonic diverticula (pouches)

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17
Q

Where is diverticula disease most common? Why?

A

most common in the sigmoid colon b/c it has the smallest diameter

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18
Q

When does diverticula disease produce symptoms?

A

when the neck of the diverticulum is obstructed by feces and becomes infected

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19
Q

Ostomy

A

surgical externalization of the bowel to the abdominal wall

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20
Q

Gastrostomy

A

stomach attached to the anterior abdominal wall & tube is placed through the skin to the stomach

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21
Q

F(x) of gastrostomy

A

used to feed the patient

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22
Q

Jejunostomy

A

jejunum brought to the anterior surface of the abdominal wall and fixed

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23
Q

F(x) of jejunostomy

A

used as the site for a feeding tube

24
Q

Ileostomy

A

small intestine (ileum portion) is connected to the abdominal wall and small bowel contents diverted from the distal bowel

25
Q

Colostomy

A

large intestine (colon) is connected to the abdominal wall

26
Q

Ileal Conduit

A

allows urine to pass from the kidneys, to the ureters, through a short segment of small bowel to the anterior abdominal wall

27
Q

For which conditions will a patient have a collecting bag fixed to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

colostomy
ileostomy
ileal conduit

28
Q

What are the locations of the domes of the diaphragm?

A

left dome at the 5th intercostal space, right dome at rib 5

29
Q

What is the diaphragm appearance caused by?

A

underlying abdominal contents pushing the area upward

30
Q

Psoas Muscle Abscess

A

the psoas muscles attach the lumbar vertebrae and each individual IVD

if the IVD’s get infected, the infection can pass into the psoas muscle and sheath, spreading within the muscle and sheath

31
Q

Where would a psoas muscle abscess be located?

A

below the inguinal ligament as a mass

32
Q

Why do diaphragmatic hernia’s happen?

A

fusion of the sections of the diaphragm may fail and hernia’s may occur

33
Q

2 main types of Diaphragmatic Hernias

A

Morgangi’s Hernia

Bochadalek’s Hernia

34
Q

Morgangi’s Hernia location

A

hernia b/w the xiphoid process and the costal margin on the R side

35
Q

Bochdalek’s Hernia: how does it occur?

A

pleuroperitoneal membrane doesn’t close the pericardioperitoneal canal

36
Q

Which types of diaphragmatic hernias occur at birth?

A

morgangi’s hernia, bochdalek’s hernia

37
Q

In addition to Morgangi’s & Bochdalek’s, where else can diaphragmatic hernias occur?

A

they can occur through the central tendon if the esophageal hiatus is larger than normal

38
Q

Hiatus Hernia

location; what’s happening?

A

location: at the level of the esophageal hiatus

diaphragm may be lax, allowing the fundus of the stomach to herniate to the posterior mediastinum

39
Q

Result of Morgangi’s and Bochdalek’s hernias?

A

the abdominal bowel can enter the thoracic cavity

40
Q

What are the main ureter constriction points? (3)

A
  1. uretopelvic junction
  2. where the ureter crosses the common iliac vessels
  3. where the ureters enter the wall of the bladder
41
Q

In what sex do urinary tract stones more frequently occur?

A

in men

42
Q

Urinary tract stone pain characteristics

A

pain radiates from the loin to the groin

43
Q

What is an additional symptom of urinary tract stones?

A

hematuria

44
Q

What is the most common type of kidney tumor?

A

renal cell carcinoma

45
Q

Nephrostomy

A

tube is placed through the lateral or posterior abdominal wall to reach the renal cortex

46
Q

Function of a nephrostomy

A

drainage of urine from the renal pelvis to the tube

47
Q

Kidney Transplant harvesting technique

A

donor kidney is harvested with a small cut of aortic, venous tissue & a ureter

48
Q

Ideal placement of a kidney transplant?

Why?

A

ideal placement: L or R iliac fossa

why: ideal b/c new space can be created w/o compromising other structures

49
Q

IVU meaning

A

intravenous urogram

50
Q

How does an IVU work

A

patient is injected with iodine contrast medium and the media is excreted by glomerular filtration, some excreted by renal tubes

51
Q

What is an ultrasound good to visualize? (in the kidneys)

A

kidney size, size of calices, urinary bladder when full

52
Q

Ultrasound is not good to visualize (in the kidneys)

A

ureters

53
Q

What is a CT good for in kidney visualization?

A

good to stage primary urinary tract tumors

54
Q

Nuclear medicine is good to visualize

A

urinary tract

55
Q

Most common sites for abscess to develop

A

pelvis

heptorenal recess

56
Q

When a patient is in the supine position, what is the lowest point in the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

hepatorenal recess

retro uterine pouch (pouch of Douglas; in women)

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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