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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Body Cavities, Diaphragm, & Respiratory Development Highlights > Flashcards

Body Cavities, Diaphragm, & Respiratory Development Highlights Flashcards

1
Q

cells of splanchnic mesoderm give rise to

A

visceral layer of serous membranes directly applied to the viscera

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2
Q

3 divisions of the entraembryonic mesoderm

A

paraxial
intermediate
lateral

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3
Q

lateral mesoderm segments

A

splanchnic mesoderm

somatic mesoderm

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4
Q

cells of somatic mesoderm become

A

parietal layer of the serous membranes

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5
Q

3 body cavities of the intra-embryonic coelom

A

pericardial cavity
pericardioperitoneal canals
peritoneal cavity

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6
Q

septum transversum f(x)

A

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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7
Q

fibrous pericardium forms the

A

pleuropericardial folds

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8
Q

Pleuropericardial folds f(x) and attachment

A

attachment: primitive mediastinum

separate the heart from the lungs; thoracic cavity is divided into pericardial and 2 pleural cavities

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9
Q

adult diaphragm develops from what structures?

A

septum transversum
lateral body wall mesoderm
dorsal mesentary of esophagus
pleuroperitoneal folds

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10
Q

Innervation of the diaphragm

A

C3-C5 phrenic nerve

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11
Q

Descent of the diaphragm

A

as the embryo elongates, the diaphragm descends

starts at C4, ends at L1

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12
Q

posterolateral defect of diaphragm

A

failure of pleuroperitoneal membranes to fuse w/ other diaphragmatic components

abdominal contents can pass into the thoracic cavity

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13
Q

Eventration of the diaphragm

A

diaphragm lacks or has defective musculature and balloons into the thoracic cavity

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14
Q

congenital diaphragmatic hernias are a result of

A

defect in the formation of the diaphragm

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15
Q

epigastric hernia

A

hernia that occurs b/w xiphoid process and umbilicus

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16
Q

hiatal hernia

A

stomach or part of the intestines herniate through a defect int he diaphragm that surrounds the esophagus

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17
Q

Morgangi’s hernia

A

aka retrosternal hernia

abdominal contents herniate through sternocostal hiatus

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18
Q

1st indication of respiratory development

A

laryngotracheal groove

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19
Q

list the stages of development of the larynx

A
  • laryngotracheal groove
  • laryngotracheal diverticulum
  • esophageal ridges fuse to form a tracehoesopahgeal septum
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20
Q

Bronchial buds f(x)

A

differentiate into bronchi and lungs

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21
Q

difference b/w left and right bronchial bud

A

left: smaller, grows more laterally, gives rise to 2 secondary buds
right: grows more vertically, gives rise to 2 secondary buds (one of which will subdivide into 2 additional buds)

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22
Q

Laryngotracheal tube is the primordium of

A

the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs

23
Q

internal lining of laryngotracheal tube

origin
gives rise to

A

origin: endodermal origin

gives rise to: epithelium glands of the larynx and trachea

24
Q

all laryngeal muscles are innervated by

A

branches of cranial nerve X (vagus)

25
Q

splanchnic mesoderm covering outside lung surface becomes

A

visceral pleura

26
Q

somatic mesoderm lining internal body wall becomes

A

parietal pleura

27
Q

Highlights of the Pseudoglandular Period

A
  • lung development does not have essential components for gas exchange
  • lung development resembles exocrine gland structure
  • fetuses born will not survive

weeks 5-18

28
Q

Canalicular period

A

-weeks 17-25
canalization occurs: enlargement of the respiratory bronchioles and terminal sacs

increased vascularity

29
Q

Terminal Sac Period

A

development of many terminal sacs & thinning of their epithelium

epithelium of terminal sacs differentiate into type I and type II (surfactant type) alveolar cells

30
Q

By which period (in terms of lung development) will babies born most likely survive? Why?

A

terminal sac period

increased pulmonary vascularity and surfactant production

31
Q

What are the periods of lung maturation?

A

pseudoglandular period
canalicular period
terminal sac period
alveolar period

32
Q

When does surfactant production begin?

A

20th week

33
Q

Week 25 critical points

A

blood supply and alveolar surface are adequate for respiration

34
Q

Week 26 to 30 critical point

A

enough surfactant for respiration to occur

35
Q

What is the most common anomaly of the larynx

A

vocal cord paralysis

36
Q

tracheoesophageal fistula

A

most common malformation in the lower respiratory tract

associated w/ esophageal atresia

37
Q

tracheal stenosis

A

constriction of trachea

38
Q

tracheal agenesis

A

primary bronchi develop from the esophagus

39
Q

Unilateral pulmonary agenesis

A

lung buds fail to develop on one side

40
Q

unilateral hypoplasia

A

compresses developing lungs w/ herniated abdominal viscera

41
Q

accessory lung

A

located at the base of the left lung

receives blood from systemic circulation rather than pulmonary circulation

42
Q

type II alveolar cells

form
f(x)

A

cuboid in shape

secrete surfactant

43
Q

type I alveolar cells

form
f(x)

A

form: simple squamous, most abundant

f(x): gas exchange b/w blood

44
Q

tracheoesophageal septum (ridge)

A

divides the cephalic portion of the foregut into ventral (trachea & lung buds) and dorsal (esophagus)

45
Q

What is the signaling pathway that is activated during branching differentiation?

A

epithelium to mesenchymal transition (EMT)

46
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula may be associated w/ other congenital anomalies called the

A

VACTREL

47
Q

VACTREL

A
  1. vertebral defect
  2. anal atresia
  3. cardiac anomalies
  4. tracheoesophageal fistula
  5. renal anomalies
  6. esophageal atresia
    limb deformities
48
Q

alveolar period

time frame

A

time: late fetal to early childhood

maximum alveolar production 2 weeks before birth

49
Q

Hyaline Membrane Disease aka

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

50
Q

Hyaline Membrane Disease (RDS)

A

insufficient surfactant resulting in high membrane tension & collapse of alveoli

51
Q

hyaline membrane disease (RDS) onset is usually

A

less than 2-5 hours after birth

52
Q

Clinical findings of hyaline membrane disease (RDS)

A
  • abnormal retraction of chest wall
  • cyanosis
  • expiratory grunting
  • increased respiratory rate
53
Q

How to combat hyaline membrane disease (RDS)

A

corticosteriods and thyroixn (stimulators of surfactant)

maternal glucocorticoid treatment during pregnancy (accelerates fetal lung development and surfactant production )

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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