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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Block 4: TBL 7 Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Block 4: TBL 7 Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal bone
limbus of sphenoid bone
lesser wings of sphenoid bone

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2
Q

What are the boundaries of the middle cranial fossa?

A

dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone and clivus, petrous part of temporal bone, squamous part of occipital bone

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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa

A

dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone, petrous part of temporal bone, squamous part of occipital bone, petromastoid part of the temporal bone

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4
Q

Bones of the anterior cranial fossa

A

frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone

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5
Q

What does the anterior cranial fossa accommodate?

A

inferior portions of the frontal lobes of the brain

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6
Q

Bones of the middle cranial fossa

A

sphenoid and 2 temporal bones

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7
Q

What does the middle cranial fossa accommodate?

A

pituitary gland & 2 lateral parts accommodate the temporal lobes of the brain

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8
Q

Bones of the posterior cranial fossa

A

mainly temporal and occipital bones w/ small contributions from parietal and sphenoid bones

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9
Q

What does the posterior cranial fossa accomodate?

A

cerebellum and brainstem

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10
Q

Describe the organization and function of the meninges

A

the meninges are organized into 3 layers:

dura mater: tough outer layer with 2 connective tissue sheaths
arachnoid mater: delicate, inner layer that lines (but is not adherent to) the dura mater
pia mater: inner layer firmly attached to the surface of the brain, entering the grooves and fissures on the surface

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11
Q

Describe the divisions of the dura mater

A

periosteal layer: lines the inner surface of the cranial bones, contains the meningeal arteries
meningeal layer: deep to the periosteal layer; in close contact w/ arachnoid mater

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of the dural reflection and list the types

A

s(x): areas where the meningeal layer of the dura mater folds inwards
f(x): partition the brain and divide the cranial cavity into several parts
types: falx cerebri & tantorium cerebelli

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13
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

downward projection of dura mater lining the skull that passes b/w the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

Tentorium Cerebelli

A

horizontal projection of the meningeal dura mater that covers and separates the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa from the posterior parts of the cerebral hemispheres

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15
Q

What is the arterial supply to the dura mater?

A

the dura mater is highly vascularized & is supplied by the anterior meningeal arteries, middle & accessory meningeal arteries, and posterior meningeal arteries

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16
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A

avascular and unninervated meningeal layer that lines the inner surface of the dura mater

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17
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

space beneath the arachnoid mater that contains CSF to cushion the brain

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18
Q

Arachnoid Granulations

A

small projections of the arachnoid mater into the dura mater that allow CSF to re-enter circulation via the dural venous sinuses

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19
Q

Which meningeal layers are vascularized?

A

dura mater

pia mater

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20
Q

What is the function of the meningeal layers?

A

provide supportive framework for cerebral & cranial vasculature

in combination w/ CSF, protects the CNS from mechanical damage

21
Q

Describe the blood supply to the brain

A

the brain receives arterial supply from 2 pairs of vessels: vertebral and internal carotid arteries, which are connected in the cranial cavity to form an anastamotic circle (cerebral arterial circle of willis)

22
Q

What forms the cerebral arterial circle of willis?

A

formed by an anterior communicating artery connecting the L and R anterior cerebral arteries to eachother & 2 posterior communicating arteries connecting the internal carotid artery w/ the posterior cerebral artery

23
Q

Describe the origin and course of the internal carotid arteries

A

origin: from the bifurcation of the common carotids @C4
course: move superiorly within the carotid sheath to reach the base of the skull. they enter the cranial cavity and pass through the cavernous sinus

the brain via the carotid canal.

24
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?

A

ophthalmic artery
posterior communicating artery
middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery

25
Q

Describe the course of the vertebral arteries

A

arise from the subclavian arteries and ascend to the posterior aspect of the neck through the foramen transversum

enter the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum

26
Q

Describe the organization of the major dural venous sinuses that drain blood from the brain

A

the dural venous sinuses lie between the periosteal and meningeal layer of the of the dura mater. They drain blood from the CNS, face, and scalp. All dural venous sinuses ultimately drain into the internal jugular vein, and these sinuses do not have valves. There are 11 sinuses in total.

27
Q

List the locations of various dural sinuses

A

the straight, superior, and inferior sagittal sinuses are found in the falx cerebri of the dura mater and these sinsues converge at the confluence of sinuses

the straight sinus is a continuation of the great cerebral vein and the inferior sagittal sinus

28
Q

Confluence of Sinuses

A

a dilated space at the internal occipital protuberance that is drained by the right and left transverse sinus

29
Q

Name each cranial nerve and the openings through which each nerve communicates with the cranial cavity

A 
Cribiform plate: olfactory nerve (CNI)
optic canal: optic nerve (CNII)
superior orbital fissure: 
oculomotor nerve (CNIII)
trochlear nerve (CNIV)
ophthalmic nerve (CNV1)
abducens (CNV)

foramen rotundum: maxillary nerve (CNV2)

foramen ovale: mandibular (CNV3)

internal acoustic meatus: Facial N (CNVII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVII)

jugular foramen 
glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
vagus nerve (CNX) 
accessory nerve (CNXI)

hypoglossal canal: hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

30
Q

Describe the extra-ocular movements of the eye

A

elevation: superior pupil movement
depression: inferior pupil movement
abduction: moving pupil laterally
adduction: moving pupil medially
internal rotation (intorsion): rotating the upper part of the pupil medially
external rotation (extorsion): rotating upper part of the pupil laterally

31
Q

Describe the maxillary artery

A

it is the largest branch of the external carotid artery in the neck and is a major supply for the nasal cavity, oral cavity, teeth, and dura mater

32
Q

What is the course of the maxillary artery

A

originates within the parotid gland, passes into the infratemporal fossa, then passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure to enter the pterygopalatine fossa

33
Q

What are the branches of the 1st part of the maxillary artery?

A

1st part: middle meningeal, inferior alveolar, deep auricular, anterior tympanic, accessory meningeal

34
Q

Describe the middle meningeal artery

A

the largest of the meningeal vessels and supplies much of the dura mater, bone, and related bone marrow of the cranial cavity walls

35
Q

What are the branches of the 2nd part of the maxillary artery?

A

deep temporal, masseteric, buccal, pterygoid branches

36
Q

Diplopia

A

double vision; causes a person to see 2 images of a single object

37
Q

Describe the development of the paranasal sinuses

A

develop as outgrowths from the nasal cavities and erode into the surrounding bones

38
Q

Describe the characteristics of all the paranasal sinuses

A

lined by respiratory mucosa
open into the nasal cavities
innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve

39
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses

A

frontal
sphenoid
ethmoidal
maxillary

40
Q

Describe the frontal sinuses

A

most superior of the sinuses and drain into the nasal cavity via the frontonasal

41
Q

Describe the sphenoid sinuses

A

drain onto the roof of the nasal cavity; important b/c the pituitary gland can be surgically accessed by passing through the nasal roof, into the sphenoid sinus and through the sphenoid bone

42
Q

Describe the ethmoidal sinuses

A

3 that all empty into the nasal cavity at different places

Anterior: empty into the hiatus semilunaris
Middle: empty into the ethmoid bulla
Posterior: empty into the superior meatus

43
Q

Describe the maxillary sinuses

A

largest of the sinuses located inferior to the nasal cavity; drains into the nasal cavity at the hiatus semilunaris, underneath the frontal sinus opening

This opening is a potential pathway for the spread of infection; fluid draining from the frontal sinus can enter the maxillary sinus

44
Q

List the venous connections between the dural sinuses and the facial veins and sinuses

A

Superior ophthalmic vein drains into cavernous sinus

Facial vein communicates with with cavernous sinus through that vein

Pteryoid venous plexus communicates with cavernous sinus through inferior ophthalmic vein

45
Q

Oculomotor nerve controls

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique

46
Q

Abducens Nerve controls

A

Lateral rectus muscle

47
Q

Trochlear Nerve controls

A

Superior Oblique muscle

48
Q

entrapment of the lamina papyrcaea of the ethmoid bone

A

leads to entrampment of the medial rectus muscle, causing an inability to gaze laterally

49
Q

How does fracture of the anterior cranial fossa present?

A

CSF rhinorrhea, brusing around the eye

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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