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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Gray's Review Clarifications > Flashcards

Gray's Review Clarifications Flashcards

1
Q

Phrenic Nerve and Referred Pain

A

Phrenic nerve: C3-C5

In the heart, it innervates the pericardium

Pain from any structure that’s innervated by the phrenic nerve can be “referred” to the skin over the tip of the shoulder b/c that area receives cutaneous supply from C4

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2
Q

Pericardium of Heart Innervation

A

Parietal: phrenic nerve
Visceral: vagus, sympathetics

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3
Q

Pectoralis Major Innervation

A

medial & lateral pectoral nerve

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4
Q

Pectoralis Minor Innervation

A

medial pectoral nerve

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5
Q

Subclavius innervation

A

nerve to subclavius

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6
Q

Lung innervation

A

anterior and posterior pulmonary plexus

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7
Q

Apex location and main surface

A

deep to the left 5th intercostal space

mainly formed by the left ventricle

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8
Q

Most anterior part of the heart

A

right ventricle

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9
Q

Most posterior part of the heart

A

right atria

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10
Q

Aortic Valve Auscultation

A

right sternal border of 2nd intercostal space

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11
Q

Pulmonic Valve Auscultation

A

left sternal border in 2nd intercostal space

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12
Q

Tricuspid Valve Auscultation

A

right sternal border in 4th intercostal space

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13
Q

Mitral Valve Auscultation

A

left sternal border of 5th intercostal space

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14
Q

Sinu-Atrial Node

f(x)
location

A

“pacemaker”

f(x) Impulses begin here
location: superior end of the crista terminalis @ junction of SVC and right atrium

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15
Q

AV Node

f(x)
location

A

f(x): forms the beginning of conducting tissue

location: near the opening of the coronary sinus, w/i AV septum

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16
Q

AV bundle w/ left and right bundle branches

f(x)

A

extends excitatory impulse to all ventricular muscle

17
Q

Left Bundle Branch gives off branches that will become

A

Purkinje Fibers

18
Q

Valve Stenosis

A

narrowing of the orifice, caused by the valve’s inability to open fully

19
Q

Valve Incompetence (insufficiency)

A

results from poorly functioning valves

20
Q

Mitral Valve Disease

A

a mix of stenosis and incompetence

includes:
1. LV hypertrophy
2. increased pulmonary venous pressure
3. pulmonary edema
4. dilation & hypertrophy of LA

21
Q

IVD composition

A

central nucleus pulposus surrounded by annulus fibrosus

22
Q

Explain how an intervertebral disc herniation happens

A

tear can occur in the annulus fibrosus, track into the vertebral canal or IV foramen to impinge on neural structures

23
Q

Normal orientation of IV disc herniation

A

posterolateral

24
Q

Atlantoaxial joint movement

A

responsible for lateral head rotation

25
Q

Dens
location
ligament
f(x)

A

projects superiorly from the body of the axis and sits in the arch of the atlas

cruciform ligament (transverse and longitudinal bands)

acts as a pivot to allow side to side movement

26
Q

Hangman’s Fracture

A

fracture of the pedicles of the axis (C2)

cruciform ligament is torn and the spinal cord is crushed (resulting in death)

27
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint f(x)

A

allows the head to move up and down on the vertebral column

28
Q

List the vertebral column ligaments from most anterior to most posterior

A
  1. anterior longitudinal
  2. posterior longitudinal
  3. ligamentum flavum
  4. interspinous
  5. supraspinous (nuchal superiorly)
29
Q

What forms the posterior surface of the vertebral canal?

A

ligamentum flavum

30
Q

Spondylosis

A

degenerative changes in the spine such as bone spurs & degenerating intervertebral discs

31
Q

Spondylolistheses

A

slipping of a vertebrae that usually occurs at the base of the spine

32
Q

Best view for a pars articularis fracture?

A

Oblique View

33
Q

Describe what spinal nerve would be affected in an L4/L5 herniation

A

in the lumbar region, spinal nerves exit inferiorly to their named vertebrae

in an L4/L5 herniation, the L5 nerve would be affected b/c it descends b/w the L4/L5 vertebrae to exit below the L5 level

34
Q

Rib Articulations

A

superior costal face on the body of the thoracic vertebrae articulates w/ the head of the rib of the corresponding number

inferior costal facet articulates w/ the head of the rib below

35
Q

cupula

A

alternative wording for cervical pleura of lung

36
Q

Lymphatic Drainage of the Breast

A

lateral quadrants of breast: drain into the anterior axillary (pectoral) nodes (this accounts for 75% of drainage)

all others drain into parasternal nodes

37
Q

Parietal Pleura Innervation

A

intercostal nerves

38
Q

Klippel Feil Syndrome

A

reduction, or extensive fusion, of one or more cervical vertebrae

manifests as a short, stiff neck with limited motion

39
Q

Chiari II Malformation

A

herniation of the medulla and cerebellum into the foramen magnum

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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