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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Block 4: GL 29 Learning Objectives > Flashcards

Block 4: GL 29 Learning Objectives Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ear?

A

external ear
middle ear
internal ear

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2
Q

Describe the external ear

A

composed of the auricle (function: capture sound) and external acoustic meatus (aka ear canal)

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3
Q

Innervation to the auricle

A

greater auricular, lesser occipital and auriculotemporal: supply outer, superficial surface of the auricle
facial nerve and vagus nerve: supply deeper parts of the auricle

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4
Q

Describe the middle ear

A

located between the eardrum (tympanic membrane) and the cochlea, where the 3 ossicles are located

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5
Q

Describe the tympanic membrane

location
f(x)
anatomy

A

location: separates the EAM from middle ear

f(x): important for hearing and immune response (b/c covered in skin)

anatomy: a translucent membrane lined with skin on the outside, connective tissue core and mucous membrane on the inside

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6
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane

A

outer layer: skin (derived from ectoderm)
middle layer: fibrous, connective tissue core to give rigidity (derived from mesoderm)
inner layer: mucosa (derived from endoderm

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7
Q

Annulus

A

fibrous portion of the eardrum that fits into a groove of the tympanic bone

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8
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear

A

tympanic cavity

epitympanic recess

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9
Q

What are the bones of the middle ear? Describe the anatomy and innervation

A

malleus
incus
stapes

these bones are interconnected but movable

INN: vestibulocochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve)

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10
Q

Describe the inner ear

A

consists of bony cavities (bony labryinth) and membranous ducts/sacs (membranous labrynith)

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11
Q

Annulus

A

fibrous portion of the eardrum that fits into a groove of the tympanic bone

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12
Q

Bony Labrynith contents

A

vestibule, 3 semicircular canals & cochlea

lined with periosteum & contains perilymph

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13
Q

Function of the inner ear

A

structures of the inner ear convey information about balance and hearing

cochlear duct (organ of hearing) & organs of balance (semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule)

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the inner ear?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve, which divides into vestibular (balance) and cochlear (hearing) parts

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15
Q

Mastoid Bone significance

A

a sinus where you can get to other parts of the ear

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16
Q

Sigmoid sinus significance

A

goes along the deep part of the ear; becomes the internal jugular vein once it goes into the neck

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17
Q

Internal Auditory Canal significance

A

where the cranial nerves leave the brain and go into bone to reach the ear

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18
Q

What is the arterial supply for the auricle?

A

posterior auricular artery

anterior auricular branches

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19
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the auricle

A

lymph passes anteriorly into the parotid noes & posteriorly into the mastoid nodes

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20
Q

What is the innervation of the EAM?

A

auriculotemporal nerve, branch of mandibular nerve, auricular branch of the vagus nerve

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21
Q

What are the vessels of the middle ear?

A

tympanic branch of maxillary artery & mastoid branch of occipital or posterior auricular arteries

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22
Q

What is the innervation to the middle ear?

A

tympanic plexus

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23
Q

Innervation of the tympanic membrane

A

sensory innervation of skin on outer surface: auriculotemporal nerve, w/ additional participation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve w/ some contribution from the facial nerve

sensory innervation of the mucous membrane of the inner surface of the tympanic membrane is carried out by the glossopharyngeal nerve

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24
Q

Describe perforation of the tympanic membrane

cause
result

A

perforation is most commonly due to trauma and infection (otitis media: infection of the inner ear that causes buildup behind the membane) and normally heals spontaneously, but some need surgical intervention

result: lose protective integrity (no immune help), hearing loss (if infection persists, chronic inflammation may cause damage to the ossicles)

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25
Q

What are the walls of the middle ear?

A 
jugular wall 
membranous wall 
mastoid wall 
anterior wall 
labrynithe wall
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26
Q

Describe the external auditory meatus

A
  • sigmoid shaped
  • extends from deep concha to tympanic membrane
  • covered with skin, some of which has hair and modified sweat glands that produce cerumen (earwax)
27
Q

Describe the vasculature of the external ear

A 
supplied by branches of the carotid artery: 
posterior auricular 
superficial temporal 
occipital 
maxillary (deep auricular branch)
28
Q

What are the divisions of the middle ear?

A

tympanic cavity and epitympanic recess

29
Q

Describe the location and function of the middle ear

A

location: within the temporal bone, extending from the tympanic membrane to the lateral wall of the inner ear
f(x); transmit vibration from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the auditory ossicles

30
Q

Describe the tympanic cavity

A

located medially to the tympanic membrane & contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

31
Q

Describe the epitympanic recess

A

a space superior to the tympanic cavity, lying next to the mastoid air cells

32
Q

What are the boundaries of the middle ear

A

can be visualized as a “rectangular box”

roof: formed by thin bone from the petrous part of the temporal bone
floor: jugular wall
lateral wall: tympanic membrane + lateral wall of epitympanic recess
medial wall: lateral wall of inner ear
anterior wall: thin bony plate w/ 2 openings
posterior wall: bony partition b/w tympanic cavity & mastoid air cells

33
Q

Describe the medial wall of the middle ear

A

also known as the “labyrinthe wall”

has a prominent bulge produced by the facial nerve as it travels nearby and the basal coil of the cochlea

34
Q

Describe the auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

connected in a chain like fashion from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

35
Q

Malleus

A

largest and most lateral auditory ossicle

attaches to the tympanic membrane

36
Q

Incus

A

parts: body, long + short limbs

attached to the oval window of the inner ear

37
Q

What are the ossicle muscles? What are their functions?

A

muscles: tensor tympani & stepedius

f(x): both act protectively

38
Q

Tensor Tympani Muscle

A

attaches to the handle fo the malleus and pulls it medially, tensing the tympanic membrane to reduce the force of vibrations in response to loud sounds

39
Q

Stapedius Muscle

A

pulls the stapes posteriorly, preventing excessive oscillation

40
Q

Innervation of the middle ear

A

tympanic plexus

41
Q

Describe the tympanic plexus

A

formed by the tympanic nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, and from branches of the internal carotid plexus

occurs in the mucous membrane covering the promontory

42
Q

Eustachian Tube (aka pharyngotympanic tube)
F(x)
Clinical significance

A

f(x); cartilaginous, bony tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx to equalize the pressure of the middle ear to equal that of the EAM

CC: pathway by which upper respiratory infections can spread to the middle ear

43
Q

Describe mastoiditis

A

middle ear infections (otitis media) can spread to the mastoid air cells. Due to the porous nature of the mastoid air cells, they are a good site for pathologic replication. Mastoid process can get infected, spreading to the middle cranial fossa and into the brain, causing meningitis

44
Q

What are the parts of the internal ear?

A

bony labyrinthe

membranous labyrinthe

45
Q

What are the functions of the inner ear?

A
  1. to house the vestibulocochlear organs
  2. convert mechanical signals from the middle ear to electrical signals to transfer information to the brain’s auditory pathway
  3. maintain balance by detecting position and motion
46
Q

Bony Labyrinthe
what is it?
parts

A

what: bony cavities within the petrous part of the temporal bone
parts: vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals

47
Q

Vestibule

A

central part of the bony labyrinthe

48
Q

Cochlea

A

houses the cochlea duct, the auditory part of the inner ear

49
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

3

contain the semicircular ducts, which are responsible for balance

50
Q

Meniere’s Disease
what is it?
symptoms
cause

A

what: disorder of the inner ear
symptoms: vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss
cause: excess accumulation of endolymph within the membranous labyrinthe that leads to progressive distension

51
Q

What are the parts of the membranous labyrinthe??

A

cochlear duct (organ of hearing); semicircular duct, saccule, utricle (organs of balance)

52
Q

Describe the semicircular ducts and how they function

A

description: located within the semicircular canals
mechanism: upon movement of the head, the flow of endolymph within the ducts changes speed/direction. sensory receptions in the ampulla detect this change, sending signals to the brain allowing processing of balance

53
Q

Utricle

A

receives the 3 semicircular ducts

54
Q

Saccule

A

receives the cochlear duct

55
Q

Endolymph from utricle and saccule

A

drain into the endolymphatic duct

56
Q

Describe the innervation of the inner ear

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII). enters the ear via the internal auditory meatus, then divides into the vestibular nerve and the cochlear nerve

57
Q

vestibular nerve

A

emerges to form the vestibular ganglion & supplies the utricle, saccule & 3 semicircular ducts

58
Q

Cochlear Nerve

A

gives off branches to the organ of corti

59
Q

What nerve passes through the inner ear but doesn’t innervate any structures?

A

facial nerve

60
Q

Describe how hearing works

A

a sound wave enters the EAM and strikes the tympanic membrane, moving the malleus and incus.

61
Q

Describe the vestibular system

A

a large, multi organ system for balance
brain/cns/cerebellum processing
eyes (head motion), proprioception from extremities (spine), inner ears (head balance)

62
Q

Inner ear detects what type of motion? Be specific.

A

head motion only

semicircular canals: angular acceleration

utricle: horizontal translation( like walking)
saccule: vertical translation (like elevator)

63
Q

Describe acoustic neuroma

A

benign tumor of CN8 that can compress the facial nerve
usually causes unilateral hearing loss, ringing, imbalance

patients tend to have progressive symptoms

64
Q

Where do acoustic neuromas normally occur?

A

in the cerebrellopontine angle, which is often the place of intracranial growths

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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