Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Block 2: Embryo Overview > Flashcards

Block 2: Embryo Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Partitioning of the Cloaca

A

cloaca is partitioned by the urorectal septum into the rectum/upper anal canal and the urogenital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cloacal Membrane Partioning

A

done by the urorectal septum into the anal and urogenital membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Colonic Aganglionosis (Hirchsprung Disease)

cause
result

A

cause: failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the colon, result: absence of ganglionic cells in the sigmoid and rectal colon, resulting in enlarged colon (failing to relax)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rectovesical Fistula

what is it?
what causes it?

A

what: abnormal communication b/w rectum and urinary bladder
cause: abnormal formation of urorectal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rectourethral Fistula

what is it?
what causes it?

A

what: abnormal communication b/w rectum and urethra
cause: abnormal formation of urorectal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rectovaginal Fistula

what is it?
what causes it?

A

what: abnormal communication b/w rectum and vagina
cause: abnormal formation of urorectal septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pectinate Line

A

denotes the junction b/w upper and lower anal canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Imperforate Anus

A

anal membrane fails to perforate; layer of tissue separates the anal canal from the exterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anorectal Agenesis

A

rectum ends in a blind sac above the puborectalis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rectal Atresia

what is it?
cause?

A

what: both rectum and anal canal are present but remain unconnected
cause: abnormal recanalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Leydig cell f(x)

A

differentiate to produce testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

produce Müllerian-inhibiting factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When will an embryo be directed to the male phenotype?

A

in presence of:
TDF (testosterone determining factor)
testosterone
MIF (müllerian inhibiting factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When will the embryo be directed to a female phenotype

A

in the absence of:
TDF (testosterone determining factor)
MIF (müllerian inhibiting factor)
testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does the embryo begin sexual differentiation?

A

seek 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phallus forms (in women)

A

clitoris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The urogenital folds form in women)

A

labia minora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Labioscrotal swellings form (in women)

A

labia majora and mons pubis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In women, paramesonephric ducts induce

A

sinovaginal bulb formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sinovaginal Bulbs f(x)

A

fuses to form the solid vaginal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Vaginal Plate f(x)

A

canalizes and forms inferior 2/3 of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Müllerian Hypoplasia or Agenesis Anomalies

A

involves the paramesonephric ducts

can result in vaginal, cervical, uterine, uterine tube or combined anomalies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Unicornate Uterus

what is it?
cause:

A

what: uterus with only 1 working fallopian tube
cause: only 1 paramesonephric duct fails to develop or incompletely develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Diedelphys

what is it?
cause?

A

what: double uterus
cause: complete lack of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Bicornuate Uterus Anomalies
what: uterus duplication in the superior part of the body of the uterus; "heart" shaped cause: partial fusion of paramesonephric ducts;
26
Septate Uterus Anomalies
what: membrane divides the uterus at its middle cause: medial walls of paramesonephric ducts partially or completely fail to resorb
27
Where do primary sex cords develop?
the gonadal ridge
28
Wolffian Ducts give rise to
epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct
29
Phallus forms (in men)
glans penis, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum
30
Urogenital folds form (in men)
ventral aspect of the penis (i.e. penile raphe)
31
Labioscrotal folds form (in men)
scrotum
32
Hypospadias cause: what is it?
cause: inadequate production of androgens causes urethral folds fail to completely fuse what: urethral orifice opening to the ventral side of the penis
33
Hypospadias is usually associated w/
chordee
34
Epispadias
external urethral orifice opens onto the dorsal surface of the penis
35
Bilateral Undescended testes what is it result
what: testes both fail to descend into scrotum result: sterility
36
Hydrocele of testes what is it cause
what: fluid filled cyst near the testes cause: small patency of the processus vaginalis remains so peritoneal fluid can flow into the processus vaginalis
37
Congenital Inguinal Hernia what is it cause
loop of intestine may herniate into scrotum or labia majora why: large patency of processus vaginalis remains
38
Female Pseudo-Intersexuality
individual has only ovarian tissue and masculanization of the female genitalia
39
Male Pseudointersexuality
individual has only testicular tissue and various stages of stunted development of the male external genitalia
40
Androgen Insensitivity what is it result
what: defective viriluzation (phallus, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal swellings non responsive to androgens)
41
Ureteric Bud forms (besides kidney)
ureters renal pelvis major and minor calyces collecting ducts
42
What is the importance of the collecting ducts in kidney development?
they cause the metanephric mesoderm to differentiate into metanephric vesicles, which give rise to S shaped renal tubules (critical to nephron function)
43
Renal Dysplasia
disorganization of renal parynchema w/ abnormally developed and immature nephrons
44
Renal Ectopia
1 or both kidneys fail to ascend and stay in the lower lumbar area
45
Most common renal malignancy of childhood
Wilm's Tumor
46
Reversed Rotation of the Midgut
midgut rotates counterclockwise instead of clockwise, reversing the usual gut position
47
Bifid Ureter cause result
cause: ureteric bud branches before joining w/ metanephric blastema result: 2 ureter drain 1 kidney
48
Polycystic Kidney Disease cause result
cause: ureteric buds don't fully fuse w/ blastema result: fluid filled cysts on kidneys that don't allow for proper function
49
Klinefelter cause result
extra X chromosome in men (XXY) | result: low testosterone causes lack of male sexual development, breast development & low sperm
50
2 parts of the placenta
``` maternal part (deciduous basalis) fetal part (formed by villous chorion) ```
51
decidual reaction what is it why is it important
uterus endometrium undergoes cellular and vascular changes during implantation provides enough nutrients for proliferation
52
Deciduous Basalis
site of implantation
53
Decidua Parietalis
portions of the endometrium other than the site of implantation
54
Decidua Capsularis
portion of the endometrium that covers the blastocyst & separates it from the uterine cavity
55
Describe the maternal surface of the placenta
- -8-10 compartments called "cotyledons" | - dark red & oozes blood due to torn maternal blood vessels
56
Describe the fetal component of the placenta
tertiary chorionic villi
57
Tertiary chorionic villi derived from
trophoblast & embryonic mesoderm
58
Describe the fetal side of the placenta
- well vascularized, contains chorionic (fetal) blood vessels - shiny, smooth surface (b/c amnion covers the fetal surface) - fetal blood vessels
59
F(x) of placental membrane
separates maternal from fetal blood and allows some substances to freely cross the membrane
60
List some beneficial substances that cross the placental membrane
O2, CO2, glucose, water, urea, fetal and maternal RBCs
61
List some harmful substances that cross the placental membrane
viruses, carbon monoxide, cocaine, heroin
62
List some susbtances that do not cross the placental membrane
bacteria, maternally derived cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids
63
A newborn with a light gray, shiny sac near the umbilius likely has
omphalocele
64
Fecal (meconium) discharge at birth can signify
Meckel DIverticulum
65
Urine Discharge at birth signifies
urachal fistula
66
Smooth Chorion significance
contacts the decidua capsularis
67
Villous Chorion significance
develops prolifically at the decidua basalis
68
What hormones does the placenta secrete?
hCG human placental lactogen estrone, estradiol, estriol progesterone
69
What does fetal circulation include?
ductus venosus ductus arteriosus foramen ovale
70
L Umbilical Vein f(x)
brings highly oxygenated and nutrient rich blood to the fetus from the placenta
71
What happens once fetal blood enters the liver?
it bypasses the hepatic sinusoids through the ductus venosus to enter the IVC
72
R & L Umbilical Arteries f(x)
brings poorly oxygenated and nutrient poor fetal blood back to the placenta
73
Describe the blood received by fetal lungs & fetal respiration
fetal lungs receive only small amounts of blood they can't actually respirate since underwater, so the placenta provides respiratory function for the fetus
74
What causes polyhydramnios?
swallowing defects, absorption defects
75
What causes oligohydramnios?
lack of kidney function in the fetus (kidneys contribute to amniotic fluid levels)
76
Placenta Previa
placenta attaches in the lower part of the uterus, covering the internal os
77
Where does the placenta normally implant?
the posterior superior wall of the uterus
78
Placental Abruption What is it? What is it associated with?
what; normally implanted placenta prematurely separates from the uterus associated w/: maternal hypertension
79
Placenta Accreta
abnormla adherence of chorionic villi to the uterine wall w/ partial or complete absence of decidua basalis
80
Placenta Percreta
chorionic villi penetrates the myometrium to reach the perimetrium
81
Amniotic Band Syndrome
bands of amniotic membrane encircle and constrict the fetus, causing limb amputations and craniofacial anomalies
82
What is most likely to cause rectal bleeding in children: internal hemorrhoids or meckel's diverticulum
meckel's diverticulum
83
Excessive Androgen Production result in males result in females result in both
females: masculinization of the external genitalia males: normal external genitalia both: later in childhood, rapid growth
84
What is the primordium of a permanent kidney?
mesonephros
85
What is the remnant of the mesonephric duct in males?
appendix of the epididymis (attached to the head of the epididymis)
86
What is the remnant of the paramesonephric duct in amles?
appendix of the testes
87
What is the remnant of the paramesonephric duct in females?
hyatid (of Morgangi)
88
Androgen Sensitivity Syndrome
external genitalia are female but vagina ends in a blind pouch & uterus/uterine tubes are absent/rudimentary
89
Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
exhibit some masculinization at birth, have an enlarged clitoris, vagina ends blindly, uterus absent testes are in the inguinal canals or labia majora
90
Epispadias is associated with
exstrophy of the bladder
91
Agenesis of External Genitalia what is it? cause?
congenital abnormality where external genitalia are not present cause: failure of genital tubercle to develop
92
Hyertrophic Pyloric Stenosis what is it cause result
what: muscular thickening of pylorus cause result: forceful vomiting, stomach distension
93
Duodenal Stenosis what is it cause
what: partial occlusion of the duodenal lumen cause: incomplete recanalization of the duodenum
94
Duodenal Atresia what is it cause associated w/
what: complete occlusion of the duodenal lumen cause: failure of re-canalization of lumen associated w/: polyhydramnios
95
Ectopic Pancreas | what is it
what: pancreatic tissue separate from the pancreas
96
Annular Pancreas what is it? can cause
what: flat band of pancreatic tissue surrounding the descending portion of the duodenum cause: duodenal obstruction
97
Midgut Rotation what is it result
what: midgut loop rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery result: brings small intestine to R, large intestine to L
98
Reduction of midgut hernia what is it
what: large intestine returns and undergoes a 180 degree counterclockwise rotation
99
Omphalocele what is it?
herniation of abdominal contents into the umbilical cord persists covered by amniotic amnion
100
Gastroschisis
extrusion of the abdominal viscera w/ o involving the umbilical cord
101
malrotation of the midgut
incomplete rotation/fixation of intestines
102
Nonrotation of Midgut what is it? result?
what: intestine does not rotate as it reenters the abdomen result: small intestine on R side, large intestine on L side
103
Reversed rotation what is it
what: midgut rotates in a clockwise direction in stead of counterclockwise
104
Subhepatic Cecum
cecum adheres to the inferior surface of the liver
105
What 2 sources do the kidneys develop from?
ureteric bud | metanephrogenic blastema

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions