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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Block 2: Embryo Overview > Flashcards

Block 2: Embryo Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Partitioning of the Cloaca

A

cloaca is partitioned by the urorectal septum into the rectum/upper anal canal and the urogenital sinus

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2
Q

Cloacal Membrane Partioning

A

done by the urorectal septum into the anal and urogenital membrane

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3
Q

Colonic Aganglionosis (Hirchsprung Disease)

cause
result

A

cause: failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the colon, result: absence of ganglionic cells in the sigmoid and rectal colon, resulting in enlarged colon (failing to relax)

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4
Q

Rectovesical Fistula

what is it?
what causes it?

A

what: abnormal communication b/w rectum and urinary bladder
cause: abnormal formation of urorectal septum

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5
Q

Rectourethral Fistula

what is it?
what causes it?

A

what: abnormal communication b/w rectum and urethra
cause: abnormal formation of urorectal septum

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6
Q

Rectovaginal Fistula

what is it?
what causes it?

A

what: abnormal communication b/w rectum and vagina
cause: abnormal formation of urorectal septum

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7
Q

Pectinate Line

A

denotes the junction b/w upper and lower anal canals

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8
Q

Imperforate Anus

A

anal membrane fails to perforate; layer of tissue separates the anal canal from the exterior

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9
Q

Anorectal Agenesis

A

rectum ends in a blind sac above the puborectalis muscle

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10
Q

Rectal Atresia

what is it?
cause?

A

what: both rectum and anal canal are present but remain unconnected
cause: abnormal recanalization

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11
Q

Leydig cell f(x)

A

differentiate to produce testosterone

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12
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

produce Müllerian-inhibiting factor

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13
Q

When will an embryo be directed to the male phenotype?

A

in presence of:
TDF (testosterone determining factor)
testosterone
MIF (müllerian inhibiting factor)

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14
Q

When will the embryo be directed to a female phenotype

A

in the absence of:
TDF (testosterone determining factor)
MIF (müllerian inhibiting factor)
testosterone

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15
Q

When does the embryo begin sexual differentiation?

A

seek 7

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16
Q

Phallus forms (in women)

A

clitoris

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17
Q

The urogenital folds form in women)

A

labia minora

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18
Q

Labioscrotal swellings form (in women)

A

labia majora and mons pubis

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19
Q

In women, paramesonephric ducts induce

A

sinovaginal bulb formation

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20
Q

Sinovaginal Bulbs f(x)

A

fuses to form the solid vaginal plate

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21
Q

Vaginal Plate f(x)

A

canalizes and forms inferior 2/3 of vagina

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22
Q

Müllerian Hypoplasia or Agenesis Anomalies

A

involves the paramesonephric ducts

can result in vaginal, cervical, uterine, uterine tube or combined anomalies

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23
Q

Unicornate Uterus

what is it?
cause:

A

what: uterus with only 1 working fallopian tube
cause: only 1 paramesonephric duct fails to develop or incompletely develops

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24
Q

Diedelphys

what is it?
cause?

A

what: double uterus
cause: complete lack of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

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25
Q

Bicornuate Uterus Anomalies

A

what: uterus duplication in the superior part of the body of the uterus; “heart” shaped
cause: partial fusion of paramesonephric ducts;

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26
Q

Septate Uterus Anomalies

A

what: membrane divides the uterus at its middle
cause: medial walls of paramesonephric ducts partially or completely fail to resorb

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27
Q

Where do primary sex cords develop?

A

the gonadal ridge

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28
Q

Wolffian Ducts give rise to

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct

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29
Q

Phallus forms (in men)

A

glans penis, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum

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30
Q

Urogenital folds form (in men)

A

ventral aspect of the penis (i.e. penile raphe)

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31
Q

Labioscrotal folds form (in men)

A

scrotum

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32
Q

Hypospadias
cause:
what is it?

A

cause: inadequate production of androgens causes urethral folds fail to completely fuse
what: urethral orifice opening to the ventral side of the penis

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33
Q

Hypospadias is usually associated w/

A

chordee

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34
Q

Epispadias

A

external urethral orifice opens onto the dorsal surface of the penis

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35
Q

Bilateral Undescended testes

what is it
result

A

what: testes both fail to descend into scrotum
result: sterility

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36
Q

Hydrocele of testes
what is it
cause

A

what: fluid filled cyst near the testes
cause: small patency of the processus vaginalis remains so peritoneal fluid can flow into the processus vaginalis

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37
Q

Congenital Inguinal Hernia

what is it
cause

A

loop of intestine may herniate into scrotum or labia majora

why: large patency of processus vaginalis remains

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38
Q

Female Pseudo-Intersexuality

A

individual has only ovarian tissue and masculanization of the female genitalia

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39
Q

Male Pseudointersexuality

A

individual has only testicular tissue and various stages of stunted development of the male external genitalia

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40
Q

Androgen Insensitivity

what is it
result

A

what: defective viriluzation (phallus, urogenital folds, and labioscrotal swellings non responsive to androgens)

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41
Q

Ureteric Bud forms (besides kidney)

A

ureters
renal pelvis
major and minor calyces
collecting ducts

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42
Q

What is the importance of the collecting ducts in kidney development?

A

they cause the metanephric mesoderm to differentiate into metanephric vesicles, which give rise to S shaped renal tubules (critical to nephron function)

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43
Q

Renal Dysplasia

A

disorganization of renal parynchema w/ abnormally developed and immature nephrons

44
Q

Renal Ectopia

A

1 or both kidneys fail to ascend and stay in the lower lumbar area

45
Q

Most common renal malignancy of childhood

A

Wilm’s Tumor

46
Q

Reversed Rotation of the Midgut

A

midgut rotates counterclockwise instead of clockwise, reversing the usual gut position

47
Q

Bifid Ureter
cause
result

A

cause: ureteric bud branches before joining w/ metanephric blastema
result: 2 ureter drain 1 kidney

48
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease
cause
result

A

cause: ureteric buds don’t fully fuse w/ blastema
result: fluid filled cysts on kidneys that don’t allow for proper function

49
Q

Klinefelter
cause
result

A

extra X chromosome in men (XXY)

result: low testosterone causes lack of male sexual development, breast development & low sperm

50
Q

2 parts of the placenta

A 
maternal part (deciduous basalis)
fetal part (formed by villous chorion)
51
Q

decidual reaction

what is it
why is it important

A

uterus endometrium undergoes cellular and vascular changes during implantation

provides enough nutrients for proliferation

52
Q

Deciduous Basalis

A

site of implantation

53
Q

Decidua Parietalis

A

portions of the endometrium other than the site of implantation

54
Q

Decidua Capsularis

A

portion of the endometrium that covers the blastocyst & separates it from the uterine cavity

55
Q

Describe the maternal surface of the placenta

A
  • -8-10 compartments called “cotyledons”

- dark red & oozes blood due to torn maternal blood vessels

56
Q

Describe the fetal component of the placenta

A

tertiary chorionic villi

57
Q

Tertiary chorionic villi derived from

A

trophoblast & embryonic mesoderm

58
Q

Describe the fetal side of the placenta

A
  • well vascularized, contains chorionic (fetal) blood vessels
  • shiny, smooth surface (b/c amnion covers the fetal surface)
  • fetal blood vessels
59
Q

F(x) of placental membrane

A

separates maternal from fetal blood and allows some substances to freely cross the membrane

60
Q

List some beneficial substances that cross the placental membrane

A

O2, CO2, glucose, water, urea, fetal and maternal RBCs

61
Q

List some harmful substances that cross the placental membrane

A

viruses, carbon monoxide, cocaine, heroin

62
Q

List some susbtances that do not cross the placental membrane

A

bacteria, maternally derived cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids

63
Q

A newborn with a light gray, shiny sac near the umbilius likely has

A

omphalocele

64
Q

Fecal (meconium) discharge at birth can signify

A

Meckel DIverticulum

65
Q

Urine Discharge at birth signifies

A

urachal fistula

66
Q

Smooth Chorion significance

A

contacts the decidua capsularis

67
Q

Villous Chorion significance

A

develops prolifically at the decidua basalis

68
Q

What hormones does the placenta secrete?

A

hCG
human placental lactogen
estrone, estradiol, estriol
progesterone

69
Q

What does fetal circulation include?

A

ductus venosus
ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale

70
Q

L Umbilical Vein f(x)

A

brings highly oxygenated and nutrient rich blood to the fetus from the placenta

71
Q

What happens once fetal blood enters the liver?

A

it bypasses the hepatic sinusoids through the ductus venosus to enter the IVC

72
Q

R & L Umbilical Arteries f(x)

A

brings poorly oxygenated and nutrient poor fetal blood back to the placenta

73
Q

Describe the blood received by fetal lungs & fetal respiration

A

fetal lungs receive only small amounts of blood

they can’t actually respirate since underwater, so the placenta provides respiratory function for the fetus

74
Q

What causes polyhydramnios?

A

swallowing defects, absorption defects

75
Q

What causes oligohydramnios?

A

lack of kidney function in the fetus (kidneys contribute to amniotic fluid levels)

76
Q

Placenta Previa

A

placenta attaches in the lower part of the uterus, covering the internal os

77
Q

Where does the placenta normally implant?

A

the posterior superior wall of the uterus

78
Q

Placental Abruption

What is it?
What is it associated with?

A

what; normally implanted placenta prematurely separates from the uterus

associated w/: maternal hypertension

79
Q

Placenta Accreta

A

abnormla adherence of chorionic villi to the uterine wall w/ partial or complete absence of decidua basalis

80
Q

Placenta Percreta

A

chorionic villi penetrates the myometrium to reach the perimetrium

81
Q

Amniotic Band Syndrome

A

bands of amniotic membrane encircle and constrict the fetus, causing limb amputations and craniofacial anomalies

82
Q

What is most likely to cause rectal bleeding in children: internal hemorrhoids or meckel’s diverticulum

A

meckel’s diverticulum

83
Q

Excessive Androgen Production

result in males
result in females
result in both

A

females: masculinization of the external genitalia
males: normal external genitalia
both: later in childhood, rapid growth

84
Q

What is the primordium of a permanent kidney?

A

mesonephros

85
Q

What is the remnant of the mesonephric duct in males?

A

appendix of the epididymis (attached to the head of the epididymis)

86
Q

What is the remnant of the paramesonephric duct in amles?

A

appendix of the testes

87
Q

What is the remnant of the paramesonephric duct in females?

A

hyatid (of Morgangi)

88
Q

Androgen Sensitivity Syndrome

A

external genitalia are female but vagina ends in a blind pouch & uterus/uterine tubes are absent/rudimentary

89
Q

Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

exhibit some masculinization at birth, have an enlarged clitoris, vagina ends blindly, uterus absent

testes are in the inguinal canals or labia majora

90
Q

Epispadias is associated with

A

exstrophy of the bladder

91
Q

Agenesis of External Genitalia
what is it?
cause?

A

congenital abnormality where external genitalia are not present

cause: failure of genital tubercle to develop

92
Q

Hyertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

what is it
cause
result

A

what: muscular thickening of pylorus
cause
result: forceful vomiting, stomach distension

93
Q

Duodenal Stenosis
what is it
cause

A

what: partial occlusion of the duodenal lumen
cause: incomplete recanalization of the duodenum

94
Q

Duodenal Atresia
what is it
cause
associated w/

A

what: complete occlusion of the duodenal lumen
cause: failure of re-canalization of lumen
associated w/: polyhydramnios

95
Q

Ectopic Pancreas

what is it

A

what: pancreatic tissue separate from the pancreas

96
Q

Annular Pancreas
what is it?
can cause

A

what: flat band of pancreatic tissue surrounding the descending portion of the duodenum
cause: duodenal obstruction

97
Q

Midgut Rotation

what is it
result

A

what: midgut loop rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise around the axis of the superior mesenteric artery
result: brings small intestine to R, large intestine to L

98
Q

Reduction of midgut hernia

what is it

A

what: large intestine returns and undergoes a 180 degree counterclockwise rotation

99
Q

Omphalocele

what is it?

A

herniation of abdominal contents into the umbilical cord persists

covered by amniotic amnion

100
Q

Gastroschisis

A

extrusion of the abdominal viscera w/ o involving the umbilical cord

101
Q

malrotation of the midgut

A

incomplete rotation/fixation of intestines

102
Q

Nonrotation of Midgut

what is it?
result?

A

what: intestine does not rotate as it reenters the abdomen
result: small intestine on R side, large intestine on L side

103
Q

Reversed rotation

what is it

A

what: midgut rotates in a clockwise direction in stead of counterclockwise

104
Q

Subhepatic Cecum

A

cecum adheres to the inferior surface of the liver

105
Q

What 2 sources do the kidneys develop from?

A

ureteric bud

metanephrogenic blastema

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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