Block 4 Last Minute Flashcards
1
Q
List the branches of the ophthalmic nerve
A
frontal
lacrimal
nasociliary
2
Q
List the branches of the frontal nerve
A
supratrochlear
supraoribtal
3
Q
List the branches of the nasociliary nerve
A
supraorbital
supratrochlear
anterior & posterior ethmoidal nerves
4
Q
List the branches of the mandibular nerve
A
auriculotemporal
lingual
buccal
inferior alveolar
5
Q
List the terminal branches of the facial nerve
A
temporal zygomatic buccal marginal mandibular cervical branch
6
Q
cribiform plate
A
olfactory N (CN I)
7
Q
optic canal
A
optic N (CN II)
8
Q
superior orbital fissure
A
oculomotor nerve (CN III) trochlear nerve (CN IV) ophthalmic nerve (V1) abducens nerve (CN VI)
9
Q
foramen rotundum
A
maxillary N (V2)
10
Q
foramen ovale
A
mandibular N (V3)
11
Q
internal acoustic meatus
A
facial nerve (VII) vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
12
Q
juglar foramen
A
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) vagus nerve (X) accessory nerve (CNXI)
13
Q
hypoglossal canal
A
hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)
14
Q
innervation of the tympanic membrane
A
auriculotemporal nerve (V3)
15
Q
subdural hematoma
A
cerebral veins and bridging veins tear upon entry into the superior sagittal sinus
blood collects between the meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura mater
16
Q
calvaria layers and significance
A
external table
diploe (contains the diploic veins that connect to the superior sagittal sinus from outside the skull. can be a source of infection spread)
17
Q
Innervation of the stapedius muscle
A
facial nerve branch (nerve to the stapedius)
18
Q
superior rectus
A
elevate and adduct
19
Q
inferior oblique
A
elevate and abduct
20
Q
levator palpebrae superioris
A
elevate eyelid
21
Q
eye testing
A
superior rectus: lateral then up inferior rectus: lateral then down superior oblique: medial then down inferior oblique: medial then up lateral rectus: lateral medial rectus: medial
22
Q
orbital rim fracture leads to
A
orbital meningocele and encephalocele
23
Q
blowout fracture
A
partial herniation of orbital contents through 1 of the walls; usually leads to exopthalmos and muscle entrapment
24
Q
larynx innervation
A
external branch of superior laryngeal: innervates the cricothyroid muscle, which lengthens the vocal ligaments
internal branch of superior laryngeal: sensory of larynx above the vocal folds
recurrent laryngeal: innervates all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid; sensory to larynx below vocal folds
25
pharynx innervation (all parts)
muscles: vagus except for stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by glossopharyngeal
sensory:
nasopharynx: maxillary N
oropharynx: glossopharyngeal nerve
laryngopharynx: vagus via internal branch of superior laryngeal N
26
nasal sinus drainage
frontal: into lateral wall of middle meatus via frontonasal duct
anterior ethmoid: frontonasal duct
middle ethmoid: ethmoidal bulla
posterior ethmoid: lateral wall of superior nasal meatus
sphenoid: sphenoid sinus
maxillary: semilunar hiatus
27
innervation of the palate
hard palate: maxillary N (V2)
| soft palate: vagus nerve
28
borders of the infratemporal fossa
zygomatic arch
maxilla
mastoid procecss
pterygoid plate
29
Innervation of the buccinator muscle
buccal branch of the facial nerve
30
bridging veins
veins crossing the subdural space
31
emissary veins
valveless veins that are conduits b/w extracranial and intracranial veins
32
epidural hematoma vs subdural hematoma
epidural: usually due to the injury of middle meningeal artery, blood pools outside the dura
subdural: usually due to tear of bridging or cerebral veins crossing into the superior sagittal sinus; bleeding will be below the dura mater; will present as crescent shaped on a radiograph
33
maxillary artery supplies
blood to the nasal cavity, the lateral
wall and roof of oral cavity, all teeth, the dura
mater in the cranial cavity, the pterygopalatine
fossa, and the infratemporal fossa
34
thyroid gland landmark
C5-T1
35
hyoid bone landmark
C3
36
thyroid cartilage landmark
C4-C5
37
cricothyroid membrane landmark
C6
38
carotid bifurcation landmark
C4
39
Hyoid bone develops from
```
2nd arch (lesser horn and upper body)
3rd arch (greater horn and lower body)
```
40
arch 1 derivatives
muscles (mesoderm): muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
bones (neural crest): maxilla, mandible, malleus, incus, zygomatic bone, squamous temporal bone, palatine bone, vomer, sphenomandibular ligament, meckel cartilage
nerve: CN V
41
arch 2 derivatives
muscles (mesoderm): muscles of facial expression, posterior belly digastric, stapedius
bones (neural crest): stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper body of hyoid, reichert cartilage
nerve: CN VII
42
arch 3 derivatives
(mesoderm): stylopharyngeus, common carotid, internal carotid
bones (neural crest): greater horn and lower body of hyoid bone
nerve: CN IX
43
arch 4 derivatives
muscles: muscles of soft palate, muscles of pharynx, cricopharyngeus, laryngeal cartilages
neural crest: none
nerve: X (superior laryngeal)
44
arch 6 derivatives
muscles: intrinsic muscles of larynx, upper muscles of esophagus, upper esophagus muscles, laryngeal cartilages, pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus
neural crest: none
X (recurrent laryngeal)
45
pouch 1 derivatives
epithelial lining of auditory tube & middle ear cavity
46
pouch 2 derivatives
epithelial lining of palatine tonsil crypts
47
pouch 3 derivatives
inferior parathyroid glands
| thymus
48
pouch 4 derivatives
superior parathyroid glands
49
groove 1 derivatives
epithelial lining of external auditory meatus
50
membrane 1 derivatives
tympanic membrane
51
membrane 2-4
obliterated
52
groove 2-4
obliterated
53
Treacher Collins Syndrome
alternative name
cause
clinical picture
name: mandibulofacial dysostosis
cause: a type of first arch disorder, failure of neural crest cells to migrate
presentation: hypoplasia of zygomatic bones and mandible (midface hypoplasia), retrognathia, hypognathia, malformed or small ears, lower eyelid abnormalities (including coloboma)
54
Pierre Robbins Syndrome
cause
clinical picture
cause: failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the 1st pharyngeal arch
presentation: ssociated with hypoplasia (under- development) of the mandible, cleft palate, and defects of the eyes and ears
55
Describe the development of the thyroid gland
the midline thyroid diverticulum migrates down the midline, passing anteriorly to the hyoid bone
during migration, the thyroid gland remains connected to the tongue by the thyroglossal duct, which is later obliterated
in adults, the site of the thyroglossal duct is indicated as the foramen cecum
56
Sites of ectopic thyroid gland
along the course of the thyroglossal duct, usually along the midline
57
Describe thyroglossal duct cysts and their locations
thyroglossal duct cysts are the result of failure of the thyroglossal duct to obliterate
cysts will be in the midline
58
Describe the closure of the fontanelles
bones of the skull don't fuse together until after birth, leaving sutures and fontanelles that close at different times postnatally
posterior: 3-6 months
anterior: 1.5-2 years
59
Describe the formation of bones in the floor and vault of the cranium
floor: derived from paraxial (somitic) mesoderm that develops via endochondral ossification
vault: derived from paraxial (somitic) mesoderm that develops via membranous ossification
60
Describe the timing of sinus development
maxillary sinus: present at birth
sphenoidal sinus: 2 years
frontal sinus: 2 years
ethmoidal sinus: small from 2 until 8, then grow rapidly
61
Cleft Lip
cause
effect
failure of proper neural crest cell migration; maxillary prominence fails to fuse with the medial nasal prominence
effect: results in persistent labial groove
62
Cleft Palate
cause
types
important anatomical landmark
cause: issue with neural crest cell migration
anterior: palatine shelves fail to fuse with primary palate (intermaxillary segment)
posterior: palatine shelves fail to fuse with eachother and the nasal septum
63
Branchial Sinus
branchial sinuses connect with the skin and drain through the sinus
64
Pharyngeal cyst
cause
presentation
cause: occurs when parts of pharyngeal grooves 2-4 that are normally obliterated, persist
presentation: cyst on the anterior border of mandible
65
Pharyngeal Fistula
| presentation
patent opening from internal tonsillar area to the external neck, found on the anterior border of the SCM
66
Cervical Sinuses
cause
types
cause:
internal: open into the tonsillar sinus
external: open into the anterior border of SCM rret
67
Recurrent laryngeal nerve runs with what artery?
inferior thyroid
68
Internal branch of superior laryngeal runs with what artery?
superior laryngeal artery
69
External branch of superior laryngeal runs with what artery?
superior thyroid artery
