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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Block 4 Last Minute > Flashcards

Block 4 Last Minute Flashcards

1
Q

List the branches of the ophthalmic nerve

A

frontal
lacrimal
nasociliary

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2
Q

List the branches of the frontal nerve

A

supratrochlear

supraoribtal

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3
Q

List the branches of the nasociliary nerve

A

supraorbital
supratrochlear
anterior & posterior ethmoidal nerves

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4
Q

List the branches of the mandibular nerve

A

auriculotemporal
lingual
buccal
inferior alveolar

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5
Q

List the terminal branches of the facial nerve

A 
temporal 
zygomatic 
buccal 
marginal mandibular 
cervical branch
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6
Q

cribiform plate

A

olfactory N (CN I)

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7
Q

optic canal

A

optic N (CN II)

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8
Q

superior orbital fissure

A 
oculomotor nerve (CN III) 
trochlear nerve (CN IV)
ophthalmic nerve (V1) 
abducens nerve (CN VI)
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9
Q

foramen rotundum

A

maxillary N (V2)

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10
Q

foramen ovale

A

mandibular N (V3)

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11
Q

internal acoustic meatus

A 
facial nerve (VII) 
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
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12
Q

juglar foramen

A 
glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) 
vagus nerve (X)
accessory nerve (CNXI)
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13
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

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14
Q

innervation of the tympanic membrane

A

auriculotemporal nerve (V3)

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15
Q

subdural hematoma

A

cerebral veins and bridging veins tear upon entry into the superior sagittal sinus
blood collects between the meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura mater

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16
Q

calvaria layers and significance

A

external table
diploe (contains the diploic veins that connect to the superior sagittal sinus from outside the skull. can be a source of infection spread)

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17
Q

Innervation of the stapedius muscle

A

facial nerve branch (nerve to the stapedius)

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18
Q

superior rectus

A

elevate and adduct

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19
Q

inferior oblique

A

elevate and abduct

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20
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

elevate eyelid

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21
Q

eye testing

A 
superior rectus: lateral then up 
inferior rectus: lateral then down 
superior oblique: medial then down 
inferior oblique: medial then up 
lateral rectus: lateral 
medial rectus: medial
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22
Q

orbital rim fracture leads to

A

orbital meningocele and encephalocele

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23
Q

blowout fracture

A

partial herniation of orbital contents through 1 of the walls; usually leads to exopthalmos and muscle entrapment

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24
Q

larynx innervation

A

external branch of superior laryngeal: innervates the cricothyroid muscle, which lengthens the vocal ligaments
internal branch of superior laryngeal: sensory of larynx above the vocal folds
recurrent laryngeal: innervates all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid; sensory to larynx below vocal folds

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25
Q

pharynx innervation (all parts)

A

muscles: vagus except for stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by glossopharyngeal

sensory:
nasopharynx: maxillary N
oropharynx: glossopharyngeal nerve
laryngopharynx: vagus via internal branch of superior laryngeal N

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26
Q

nasal sinus drainage

A

frontal: into lateral wall of middle meatus via frontonasal duct
anterior ethmoid: frontonasal duct
middle ethmoid: ethmoidal bulla
posterior ethmoid: lateral wall of superior nasal meatus
sphenoid: sphenoid sinus
maxillary: semilunar hiatus

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27
Q

innervation of the palate

A

hard palate: maxillary N (V2)

soft palate: vagus nerve

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28
Q

borders of the infratemporal fossa

A

zygomatic arch
maxilla
mastoid procecss
pterygoid plate

29
Q

Innervation of the buccinator muscle

A

buccal branch of the facial nerve

30
Q

bridging veins

A

veins crossing the subdural space

31
Q

emissary veins

A

valveless veins that are conduits b/w extracranial and intracranial veins

32
Q

epidural hematoma vs subdural hematoma

A

epidural: usually due to the injury of middle meningeal artery, blood pools outside the dura
subdural: usually due to tear of bridging or cerebral veins crossing into the superior sagittal sinus; bleeding will be below the dura mater; will present as crescent shaped on a radiograph

33
Q

maxillary artery supplies

A

blood to the nasal cavity, the lateral
wall and roof of oral cavity, all teeth, the dura
mater in the cranial cavity, the pterygopalatine
fossa, and the infratemporal fossa

34
Q

thyroid gland landmark

A

C5-T1

35
Q

hyoid bone landmark

A

C3

36
Q

thyroid cartilage landmark

A

C4-C5

37
Q

cricothyroid membrane landmark

A

C6

38
Q

carotid bifurcation landmark

A

C4

39
Q

Hyoid bone develops from

A 
2nd arch (lesser horn and upper body) 
3rd arch (greater horn and lower body)
40
Q

arch 1 derivatives

A

muscles (mesoderm): muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior digastric, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani
bones (neural crest): maxilla, mandible, malleus, incus, zygomatic bone, squamous temporal bone, palatine bone, vomer, sphenomandibular ligament, meckel cartilage
nerve: CN V

41
Q

arch 2 derivatives

A

muscles (mesoderm): muscles of facial expression, posterior belly digastric, stapedius
bones (neural crest): stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn and upper body of hyoid, reichert cartilage
nerve: CN VII

42
Q

arch 3 derivatives

A

(mesoderm): stylopharyngeus, common carotid, internal carotid
bones (neural crest): greater horn and lower body of hyoid bone
nerve: CN IX

43
Q

arch 4 derivatives

A

muscles: muscles of soft palate, muscles of pharynx, cricopharyngeus, laryngeal cartilages
neural crest: none
nerve: X (superior laryngeal)

44
Q

arch 6 derivatives

A

muscles: intrinsic muscles of larynx, upper muscles of esophagus, upper esophagus muscles, laryngeal cartilages, pulmonary arteries, ductus arteriosus
neural crest: none
X (recurrent laryngeal)

45
Q

pouch 1 derivatives

A

epithelial lining of auditory tube & middle ear cavity

46
Q

pouch 2 derivatives

A

epithelial lining of palatine tonsil crypts

47
Q

pouch 3 derivatives

A

inferior parathyroid glands

thymus

48
Q

pouch 4 derivatives

A

superior parathyroid glands

49
Q

groove 1 derivatives

A

epithelial lining of external auditory meatus

50
Q

membrane 1 derivatives

A

tympanic membrane

51
Q

membrane 2-4

A

obliterated

52
Q

groove 2-4

A

obliterated

53
Q

Treacher Collins Syndrome
alternative name
cause
clinical picture

A

name: mandibulofacial dysostosis
cause: a type of first arch disorder, failure of neural crest cells to migrate
presentation: hypoplasia of zygomatic bones and mandible (midface hypoplasia), retrognathia, hypognathia, malformed or small ears, lower eyelid abnormalities (including coloboma)

54
Q

Pierre Robbins Syndrome
cause
clinical picture

A

cause: failure of neural crest cells to migrate to the 1st pharyngeal arch
presentation: ssociated with hypoplasia (under- development) of the mandible, cleft palate, and defects of the eyes and ears

55
Q

Describe the development of the thyroid gland

A

the midline thyroid diverticulum migrates down the midline, passing anteriorly to the hyoid bone
during migration, the thyroid gland remains connected to the tongue by the thyroglossal duct, which is later obliterated
in adults, the site of the thyroglossal duct is indicated as the foramen cecum

56
Q

Sites of ectopic thyroid gland

A

along the course of the thyroglossal duct, usually along the midline

57
Q

Describe thyroglossal duct cysts and their locations

A

thyroglossal duct cysts are the result of failure of the thyroglossal duct to obliterate
cysts will be in the midline

58
Q

Describe the closure of the fontanelles

A

bones of the skull don’t fuse together until after birth, leaving sutures and fontanelles that close at different times postnatally

posterior: 3-6 months
anterior: 1.5-2 years

59
Q

Describe the formation of bones in the floor and vault of the cranium

A

floor: derived from paraxial (somitic) mesoderm that develops via endochondral ossification
vault: derived from paraxial (somitic) mesoderm that develops via membranous ossification

60
Q

Describe the timing of sinus development

A

maxillary sinus: present at birth
sphenoidal sinus: 2 years
frontal sinus: 2 years
ethmoidal sinus: small from 2 until 8, then grow rapidly

61
Q

Cleft Lip

cause
effect

A

failure of proper neural crest cell migration; maxillary prominence fails to fuse with the medial nasal prominence

effect: results in persistent labial groove

62
Q

Cleft Palate
cause
types
important anatomical landmark

A

cause: issue with neural crest cell migration
anterior: palatine shelves fail to fuse with primary palate (intermaxillary segment)
posterior: palatine shelves fail to fuse with eachother and the nasal septum

63
Q

Branchial Sinus

A

branchial sinuses connect with the skin and drain through the sinus

64
Q

Pharyngeal cyst
cause
presentation

A

cause: occurs when parts of pharyngeal grooves 2-4 that are normally obliterated, persist
presentation: cyst on the anterior border of mandible

65
Q

Pharyngeal Fistula

presentation

A

patent opening from internal tonsillar area to the external neck, found on the anterior border of the SCM

66
Q

Cervical Sinuses
cause
types

A

cause:
internal: open into the tonsillar sinus
external: open into the anterior border of SCM rret

67
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve runs with what artery?

A

inferior thyroid

68
Q

Internal branch of superior laryngeal runs with what artery?

A

superior laryngeal artery

69
Q

External branch of superior laryngeal runs with what artery?

A

superior thyroid artery

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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