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M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW > Block 2: Abdomen, Gray's Text > Flashcards

Block 2: Abdomen, Gray's Text Flashcards

1
Q

Inferior thoracic aperture f(x)

A

forms the superior opening to the abdomen; is closed by the diaphragm

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2
Q

What 2 ways can the abdominal viscera be presented?

A
  1. suspended in the peritoneal cavity by mesentery

2. positioned b/w the cavity & the musculoskeletal wall

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3
Q

List the components of the abdominal viscera

A
  1. major elements of GI system
  2. spleen
  3. components of the urinary system
  4. suprarenal glands
  5. major neurovascular structures
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4
Q

What are the major GI elements included in the abdomen?

A
  1. caudal end of esophagus
  2. stomach
  3. small & large intestine 4. liver
  4. pancreas
  5. gallbladder
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5
Q

What components of the urinary system are included in the abdomen?

A

kidneys and ureters

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6
Q

What are the major functions of the abdomen? (3)

A
  1. house & protect major viscera
  2. assist in breathing
  3. changes in intraabdominal presssure
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7
Q

How does the abdomen protect visera?

A

2 ways

  1. situating organs under the dome of the diaphragm
  2. protection by muscular walls of the abdomen
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8
Q

How does the abdomen assist in breathing?

A

inspiratin: relaxes to accommodate thoracic cavity expansion & inferior displacement of viscera during diaphragm contraction
2. during expiration, it contracts to assist in elevating diaphragm domes (reducing thoracic volume)

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9
Q

General organization of the abdominal cavity

A

a central GI system suspended form the posterior & anterior wall by mesentaries

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10
Q

What are the types of abdominal mesentaries

A

ventral

dorsal

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11
Q

Peritoneum (fx & structure)

A

lines the abdominal cavity

epithelial like single layer of cells (mesothelium) w/ a supportive layer of connective tissue

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12
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

lines the abdominal wall

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13
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

covers suspended organs

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14
Q

Abdominal viscera are either

A

intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal

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15
Q

Intraperitoneal structures

A

suspended from the abdomen walls by mesentaries

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16
Q

Ex of intraperitoneal structures

A

elements of the GI system

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17
Q

Retroperitoneal structures

A

structures that are not suspended in the abdominal cavity by a mesentary

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18
Q

Ex of retroperitoneal structures

A

kidneys and ureters

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19
Q

Diaphragm f(x) (in relation to abdominal cavity)

A

separates the abdomen from the thorax

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20
Q

Crus structure & f(x)

A

a muscular extension of the diaphragm

anchors it to the anterolateral surface of the vertebral column

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21
Q

Primitive gut tube consists of

A

foregut, midgut & hindgut

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22
Q

Foregut gives rise to

A

distal end of the esophagus, the stomach, & proximal part of the duodenum

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23
Q

Midgut gives rise to

A

distal part of the duodenum and the jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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24
Q

Hindgut gives rise to

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon, sigmoid colon, & superior part of the rectum

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25
Q

Innervation of skin & muscle of abdominal wall

A

intercostal nerves T7 to T11

subcostal nerve of T12

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26
Q

Innervation of upper parts of external oblique of abdominal wall

A

T5-T6

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27
Q

Pattern of abdominal muscle innervation

A

innervated segmentally in patterns that reflect the patterns of the overlying dermatomes

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28
Q

What’s significant about the groin?

A

the groin (inguinal region) is a weak area in the abdominal wall and the site of inguinal hernias

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29
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

passage through the anterior abdominal all created by the processus vaginalis

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30
Q

What 3 major arteries supply the GI system and its derivatives?

A

celiac artery
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

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31
Q

Celiac artery supplies

A

the foregut

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32
Q

Superior mesenteric artery supplies

A

the midgut

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33
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery supplies the

A

hindgut

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34
Q

What is the major systemic vein in the abdomen?

A

inferior vena cava

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35
Q

Left Renal Vein f(x)

A

drains the kidney, suprarenal gland, & gonad on the same side

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36
Q

Left Common Iliac Vein f(x)

A

drains the lower limbs, pelvis, perineum and parts of the abdominal wall

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37
Q

All venous drainage from the GI system passes through what organ?

A

the liver

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38
Q

Hepatic Portal Vein

A

distributes blood to small endothelial lined hepatic sinusoids

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39
Q

What is the consequence of blockage of the hepatic portal vein or of vascular channels in the liver?

A

can affect the pattern or venous return from abdominal parts of the GI system

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40
Q

Consequence of portal hypertension

A

can result in esophageal and rectal varaices

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41
Q

Abdominal viscera are largely innervated by

A

a large prevertebral plexus associated w/ anterior and lateral aortic surfaces

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42
Q

The prevertebral plexus contains what types of components?

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
visceral sensory

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43
Q

4 quadrant system designations

A

right upper
left upper
right lower
left lower

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44
Q

Superior bounds of the abdominal wall

A

xiphoid process & costal margins

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45
Q

Posterior bounds of the abdominal wall

A

vertebral column

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46
Q

Inferior bounds of the abdominal wall

A

upper parts of the pelvic bones

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47
Q

The most superficial layer of superficial fasica of the abdomen is called

A

Camper’s Fascia

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48
Q

The deeper, membranous layer of superficial fascia

A

Scarpa’s fascia

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49
Q

What are the 2 layers of superficial fascia of the abdomen?

A

camper’s fascia

scarpa’s fascia

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50
Q

3 flat muscles of the abdomen

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis

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51
Q

2 vertical muscles of the abdomen

A

rectus abdominis

pyramidalis muscle

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52
Q

The lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis forms

A

the inguinal ligament

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53
Q

F(x) of the inguinal ligament

A

plays an important role in the formation of the inguinal canal

54
Q

Lacunar Ligament

A

crescent shaped, attaches to the pecten pubis

55
Q

Viscera in the retroperitoneal fascia are referred to as

A

retroperitoenal

56
Q

T10 f(x)

A

supplies the skin around the umiblicus

57
Q

T11-L1

A

supply the skin from just below the umbilicus to the pubic region

58
Q

What artery supplies the superior part of the abdominal wall?

A

musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries

59
Q

What artery supplies the inferior part of the abdominal wall?

A

the superficial epigastric artery and the superficial circumflex iliac artery

60
Q

Superficial lymphatics above the umbilicus drain to

A

the axillary nodes

61
Q

Lymphatic drainage below the umbilicus passes to

A

the superficial inguinal nodes

62
Q

Deep lymphatic drainage goes to

A

parasternal nodes

63
Q

Why is the groin weak?

A

the abdominal wall is weakened from changes that occur during development

64
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A

diverticulum that protrudes through the abdominal wall in the inguinal region, the weakest area of the abdominal wall

65
Q

Innervation of the Peritoneum

A

parietal peritoneum is innervated by somatic afferents carried in branches of the associated spinal nerves

66
Q

Divisions of the peritoneal cavity

A

greater sac

omental bursa

67
Q

What accounts for most of the space in the peritoneal cavity?

A

the greater sac

68
Q

F(x) of fluid in the peritoneum

A

lubricate movement of the viscera suspended in the abdominal cavity

69
Q

What is the clinical significance of the large surface area of the peritoneal space?

A

it facilitates the spread of disease through the peritoneal cavity and over the bowel and visceral surfaces

70
Q

Greater Omentum

A

a large, apron like peritoneal fold that attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach

71
Q

What are the omenta of the peritoneum?

A

greater omentum

lesser omentum

72
Q

Mesentaries f(x)

A

attach visera to the posterior abdominal wall

allow some movement & provide a conduit for vessels, nerves, & lymphatics to reach the viscera

73
Q

Mesentery

A

large, fan shaped, double layered fold of peritoneum that connects the jejunum and the ilieum to the posterior abdominal wall

74
Q

Transverse Mesocolon

A

fold of peritoneum that attaches the transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall

75
Q

Sigmoid Colon

A

attaches the sigmoid colon to the abdominal wall

76
Q

List all the arterial supplies to the stomach

A

left and right gastric arteries
right and left gastro-omental arteries
posterior gastric artery

77
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric part

78
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

a thickened ring of gastric circular muscle that surrounds the pyloric orifice

79
Q

What’s the longest part of the GI tract?

A

small intestine

80
Q

Arterial supply to the ileum

A

ileal arteries

ileal branch from the ileocolic atery

81
Q

F(x) of the large intestine

A

absorbs fluids and salts from the gut contents, forming feces

82
Q

Parts of the large intestine

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal

83
Q

What are the general characteristics of the large intestine?

A

large internal diameter
peritoneal covered fat
taeniae coli
haustra of the colon

84
Q

Taeniae coli

A

3 narrow bands of longitudinal muscle segregations in the large intestine

85
Q

Haustra of the Colon

A

sacculations of the colon

86
Q

Arterial supply to the ascending colon

A

colic branch from the ileocolic artery

anterior cecal artery from the ileocolic artery

posterior cecal artery

right colic artery

87
Q

Arterial supply to the transverse colon

A

right colic artery
middle colic artery
left colic artery

88
Q

Arterial supply to the descending colon

A

left colic artery

89
Q

Arterial supply to the sigmoid colon

A

sigmoidal arteries from the inferior mesenteric artery

90
Q

Malrotation

A

incomplete rotation and fixation of the midgut

91
Q

Volvulus

A

twisting of the bowel

92
Q

Bowel obstruction types

A

functional or due to a true obstruction

93
Q

Functional Bowel Obstruction

A

due to the inability of the bowel to peristalse

94
Q

Diverticular disease

A

development of multiple colonic diverticula

95
Q

What are the palpable landmarks to delineate the extent of the abdomen on the surface of the body?

A

costal margin above

pubic tubercle, anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest below

96
Q

RUQ Organs

A

liver, gallbadder

97
Q

LUQ Organs

A

stomach and spleen

98
Q

RLQ organs

A

cecum and appendix

99
Q

LLQ organs

A

end of descending colon and sigmoid coon

100
Q

Common surface projection of the kidney

A

McBurney’s Point

101
Q

Omental Bursa

A

smaller subdivision of peritoneal cavity posterior to the stomach and the liver

102
Q

Largest visceral organ in the body

A

Liver

103
Q

subphrenic recess

A

separates the diaphragmatic surface of the liver from the diaphragm

104
Q

What divides the subphrenic regions into R and L portions?

A

falciform ligament

105
Q

All portions of the liver are covered with visceral peritoneum except

A

the fossa for the gallbladder

porta hepatis

106
Q

Porta Hepatis

A

point of entry into the liver for hepatic arteries and portal vein

exit point for hepatic ducts

107
Q

Hepatogastric Ligament

A

connects the stomach to the liver

108
Q

Hepatoduodenal Ligament

A

connects the liver to the duodenum

109
Q

R & L Triangular Ligaments

A

connect the liver to the diaphragm

110
Q

Anterior and Posterior Coronary Ligaments

A

connect the liver to the diaphragm

111
Q

Liver lobe distinctions

A

R lobe: bigger

left lobe: smaller

112
Q

Arterial supply to the liver

A

R and L hepatic artery from the hepatic artery proper

113
Q

Arterial supply to the gallbladder

A

cystic artery from the right hepatic artery

114
Q

Gallbladder f(x)

A

receive, concentrates, and stores bile from the liver

115
Q

Is the pancreas intra or retroperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal (secondary) except for a small part of its tail

116
Q

What are the components of the bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

117
Q

What are the components of the bile duct?

A

common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

118
Q

Arterial supply to the spleen

A

splenic artery

119
Q

Gallstones

A

mixture of cholesterol and bile pigment that may have undergone calcification

120
Q

Significance of Gallstones & Hartmann’s Pouch

A

when gallstones lodge here, the gallbladder can’t empty normally and contractions of the gallbladder will cause pain

121
Q

Jaundice

A

yellow discoloration of the skin caused by excess bile pigment

122
Q

When does splenic rupture occur?

A

when there is localized trauma to the left upper quadrant

123
Q

What is the clinical significance of splenic rupture?

A

the spleen is highly vascular, so when it’s ruptured it bleeds profusely into the abdominal cavity

124
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta begin?

A

the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm

125
Q

Terminal branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

2 common iliac arteries

126
Q

Foregut is supplied by the

A

celiac trunk

127
Q

Midgut is supplied by the

A

superior mesenteric artery

128
Q

Hindgut is supplied by the

A

inferior mesenteric artery

129
Q

Portal Vein

A

final common pathway for the transport of venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, and abdominal part of the GI tract

130
Q

cirrhosis

A

widespread hepatic fibrosis that implies previous or continuous liver cell damage

131
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal part of the GI tract is carried out by

A

the vagus nerves the the pelvic splanchnic nerves

132
Q

How does the vagus nerve enter the abdomen?

A

as the anterior and posterior vagal trunks

M1: Anatomy and Embryology Lecture BW (37 decks)

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