September 23, Slides 7-8 Flashcards
What are “negative rights”?
Negative rights are freedoms that protect individuals from interference by others or the state. They can be summarized as “You can’t stop me from…” Examples include freedom of speech and freedom of religion.
What are “positive rights”?
Positive rights are entitlements that require others, usually the state, to provide something or take action. They can be summarized as “You have to give me…” Examples include the right to education and healthcare.
How do negative and positive rights differ in their requirements?
Negative rights require non-interference, meaning the state or others must refrain from certain actions. Positive rights require active provision, where the state or others must take steps to ensure certain services or protections.
What is the first “wave” of rights, and when did it emerge?
The first wave of rights includes civil rights, which emerged in the 18th century. These rights focus on individual freedoms, such as the right to property, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.
What is the second “wave” of rights, and when did it emerge?
The second wave includes political rights, which emerged in the 19th century. These rights focus on participation in political processes, such as the right to vote and run for office.
What is the third “wave” of rights, and when did it emerge?
The third wave includes social rights, which emerged in the 20th century. These rights focus on access to basic needs, such as education, healthcare, and social security.
Why has the expansion of rights been uneven?
The expansion of rights has been uneven because societal power dynamics often determine who gets to claim rights. Marginalized groups must often fight for recognition and inclusion in rights frameworks.
What did Martin Luther King Jr. mean by “freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed”?
King emphasizes that rights and freedoms are rarely granted willingly by those in power. Instead, oppressed groups must organize and actively demand justice and equality.
How do civil, political, and social rights build on one another?
Civil rights establish individual freedoms, political rights enable participation in decision-making, and social rights ensure access to resources necessary for a dignified life. Together, they create a comprehensive framework for equality and justice.
How do negative and positive rights interact within the three waves of rights?
Negative rights, like freedom from interference, are central to civil and political rights, while positive rights, requiring active provision, are more prominent in social rights, such as access to education and healthcare. Both are essential for a balanced and equitable society.
