Section 5 Notes

Question 1

Projectiosn of the vestibular nucleoi/area in the medulla

Answer 1

1. to other nuclei for vestibular reflexes (e.g. medial longitudinal fasciculus for vestibular-ocular and tonic neck reflexes, vestibulospinal tracts for posture and support),
2. to and from the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 2

projectiosn of the salvitaory nuceli in the medulla

Answer 2

1. otic ganglion (partoid via 9)
2. submandibualr ganglion (sublingual and submaxillary via 7)
3. pteryogoaplatine ganglion (lacrimal and mucuous glands of nose and mouth via 7)

Question 3

deficit in lacrimation and salvation could mean ____

Answer 3

X salvitaory nuclei in the medulla

Question 4

dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei on the external surface of the _____ cerebellar peduncle

Answer 4

inferior

Question 5

CN input to dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

Answer 5

auditory from CN 8

Question 6

damage to dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

Answer 6

ipsilateral deafness of ipsilateral ear

Question 7

cranial nerves leaving the medulla

Answer 7

CN 12 - CN 8

Question 8

injury to CN leaving medulla will cause sx on the ____ side

Answer 8

same

Question 9

Nuclei in the medulla

Answer 9

1. hypoglossal nuclei
2. dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
3. vestibular nuclei, cochlear nuclei
4. spinal nucleus of trigem
5. inferior salvitory
6. nucleus ambiguous

relay nuclei -

8. gracilies
9. cuneatus
10. olivary nucleus

Question 10

Two structures seen throughout the brainstem are the ___ and the ___

Answer 10

medial longitudinal fasciculus (mlf) and the reticular formation.

Question 11

axons of the medial longitudinal fasciculus interconnect the___,___, ___, and ____

Answer 11

superior colliculus, vestibular nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei 3, 4, and 6, and the cervical spinal cord.

Question 12

____ is the general name given to the core of the brainstem.

Answer 12

reticular formation

Question 13

spinal trigem nucelus gets input from

Answer 13

trigem, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

Question 14

groups of neurons within the reticular formation near the cranial nerve nuclei have what function?

Answer 14

coordinate reflexes and simple stereotyped responses

e.g. neurons of the ventrolateral medullary reticular formation coordinate functions controlled by the vagus nerve like swallowing, vomitting, initiation and modulation of respiratory rhythm, coughing, hiccuping, sneezing, and cardiovascular responses.

Question 15

areas of the reticular formation that modulate neurons throughout the brain and spinal cord are located ____

Answer 15

medullay

Question 16

noradrenergic neurons in the medulla continuous with the solitary nucleus and dorsal nucleus of the vagus and do what?

Answer 16

send ascending projections to the hypothalamus and are involved in cardiovascular and endocrine function

Question 17

where are raphe nuclei found?

Answer 17

along the midline of the entire brainstem

Question 18

Serotonergic neurons in the raphe of the rostral medulla receive projections from the

Answer 18

ALS

Question 19

Serotonergic neurons in the raphe of the rostral medulla send descending serotonergic projections to the spinal cord that____

Answer 19

inhibit pain perception.

Question 20

medullary raphe nuclei send descending axons that modulate proximal movement and posture as the ____

Answer 20

reticulospinal tract

Question 21

where is the spinal trigem found?

Answer 21

in the medulla and pons

Question 22

CAUDAL portion of the spinal trigem nucleus in the medulla is related to

Answer 22

pain, temperature and touch from the head

Question 23

CAUDAL portion of the spinal trigem nucleus in the medulla is related to pain, temp, touch from the head via the

Answer 23

trigem nerve

and from the external autidotry meatus via 7, 9, and 10

Question 24

course of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve?

pain, temp, touch, enters caudal medulla –>

Answer 24

travels as the spinal tract of trigem -->

synapse in spinal trigem nucleus –> crosses –>

terminates in the reticular formation –> other targets like the thalamus

terminates in the reticular formation –> other targets like the thalamus

Question 25

X of spinal trigeminal tract or nucleus results in loss of \_\_\_\_

Answer 25

pain, touch, temp from the head on the same side

Question 26

what makes up the **spinal portion of the accessory cranial nerve?**

Answer 26

1. axons from the acessory nucleus in the medulla and 2. axons from upper cervical segments in the spinal cord

Question 27

Damage to the VENTRAL medulla rostral to the pyramidal decussation will result in motor loss on the _____ side of the body.

Answer 27

opposite

Question 28

Corticobulbar axons from neocortex terminate on \_\_\_\_

Answer 28

cranieal nerve axons in the medulla

Question 29

The bulk of **cortibobulbar axons** control cranial nerve nuclei on the\_\_\_\_ the origin of these axons in the cortex

Answer 29

opposite side \*except for the hypoglossal nerve

Question 30

damage to the corticobulbar tracts will have ____ effects on cranial nerves

Answer 30

contralateral \* except for hypoglossal

Question 31

As dorsal column axons of the gracile/cuneate fasciculus terminate in the gracile/cuneate nucleus ---\>

Answer 31

the nucleus fills this dorsomedial region.

Question 32

neck to foot somatosensory information is mapped from ____ within the medial lemniscus

Answer 32

dorsal to ventral

Question 33

Damage to the medial lemniscus results in epicritic deficits on the ____ side of the body

Answer 33

opposite

Question 34

when does somatosensory ifnormation from the face (trigeminothlaamic axons) join the medial lemniscus?

Answer 34

not until the pons

Question 35

what do you also see with damage to the ALS tract in the medulla? (as with PICA infarct)

Answer 35

1. loss of pain and temp from same side of the bead because spinal tract and nucleus of trigem are near here 2. cerebellar sx - inferior cerebellar peduncle is nearby 3. vestibular sx -- vestibular area near by

Question 36

with PICA stroke, on what side do you see pain and temp loss?

Answer 36

same side of face -- X spinal trigem nulceus/tract opposite side of body -- X ALS

Question 37

input to the** inferior cerebellar peduncle**

Answer 37

1. inferior olivary nucleus 2. spinal cord (dorsal spunocerebellar tract and cuneo cerebellar tract carrying proprioceptive info.) 3. cortex

Question 38

accessory cuneate nucleus in the medulla input

Answer 38

receives cuneate fasciculus axons carrying proprioceptive information from the upper half of the body

Question 39

information to and from the ___ nuclei runs with the inferior cerebellum peduncle

Answer 39

vestibular

Question 40

Damage to the inferior cerebellar peduncle results in --\>

Answer 40

1. ataxia 2. intention tremor on same side of the body 3. clumsiness and tremor using ipsilateral hand

Question 41

when the hypoglossal nerve or nucleus is damaged unilaterally, the tongue protrudes to

Answer 41

the side of the damage.

Question 42

if axons from cortex controlling the hypoglossal nuceli is damaged, the tongue protrudes to the

Answer 42

opposite side since control of hypoglossal nuceli from the cortex is contralateral

Question 43

axons from the nucleus ambiguous project to the

Answer 43

larynx and pharynx (via 10 and 9)

Question 44

cranial nerves associated with nucleus ambiguous

Answer 44

vagus and glossopharyngeal

Question 45

unilateral X to nucleus ambiguous

Answer 45

result in hoarseness, impaired swallowing, and asymmetry of the soft palate

Question 46

bilateral X to nucleus ambiguous

Answer 46

prevent closure of the trachea and result in choking and aspiration of fluid in the lungs

Question 47

axons coming from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (CN 10 or X) are the

Answer 47

pregang parasymps to the vagus

Question 48

axons coming from the dorsal motor ncuelus of vagus terminate on the ganglia related to

Answer 48

smooth muscle of blood vessels, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, stomach and intestines

Question 49

solitary n. receives affected information from the

Answer 49

from the pharynx and larynx and from the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems via 7,9,10

Question 50

rostral pole of the solitary nucleus receives\_\_\_ ifnormation

Answer 50

taste information from the tongue via 7,9, 10

Question 51

solitary nucleus projects to many regiosn of the brainstem like

Answer 51

nucleus ambiguus, dorsal motor of vagus, and hypoglossal nucleus.

Question 52

solitary nucleus projections to the nucleus ambiguus, dorsal motor of vagus, and hypoglossal nucleus. mediates

Answer 52

1. reflex responses (vomiting, coughing, sneezing) 2. as well as sending projections to higher brain centers such as the hypothalamus and thalamus.

Question 53

salivatory nuclei send axons to the

Answer 53

1. otic ganglion -- partoid 2. submandibular ganglion -- sublingual and submaxillary 3. lacrimal gland and mucous of oral and nasal cavities

Question 54

damage to dorsal and ventral cohclear nuclei

Answer 54

deafness in ipsilateral ear

Question 55

Damage to the vestibular nuclei or nerve results in

Answer 55

nystagmus, vertigo, and problems with balance.

Question 56

Cranial nerve 9 sx

Answer 56

loss of the gag reflex on the side of the oropharynx of the nerve injury

Question 57

Cranial nerve 12 sx

Answer 57

paralysis of the ipsilateral tongue muscles, deviation towards the side of the weakness upon protrusion, atrophy, and fasciculations of tongue muscles ipsilaterally.