S1: External Anatomy Flashcards
hypothlamus (diencephalon)
thalamus (diencephalon)
tegmentum of the midbrain (mesencephalon)
5?
base of the pons
longitudinal fissure
central sulcus
central sulcus
lateral sulcus
calcarine sulcus
Parieto-occiptial Sulcus
where do axons from here go? what do they do?
what are the effects of damage to this area?
precentral gyrus
a major source of axons that extend to the spinal cord for control of voluntary movements
Damage to this area results in weakness (paresis) and movement deficits on the OPPOSITE side of the body.
what does damage to this area cause?
postcentral gyrus
somatic sensory deficits (e.g. loss of touch, limb position) on the opposite side of the body.
what does this region contain?
what are the sx of damage to this region?
superior frontal gyrus
premotor cortex
Damage - forms of apraxia. If the damage is in the dominant hemisphere, the ability to write may be impaired.
what action is this region associated with?
what are the sx of X?
superior partietal lobule
associated with guiding movement
X - apraxia, inability to bring limb under sensory or cogntiive control (not being able to point to an object when asked even though he is not paralyzed)
parietal lobe dorsal to the intraparietal suclus. [a “lobule” is a smaller group of gyri within a lobe]
damage to this area causes?
middle frontal gyrus
premtoor area; forms of apraxia, if in dominant hemisphere the ability to write is impaired
what notable regions are found here? what processes is this area involved in in the dominant hemisphere?
what are the sx of damage?
inferior parietal lobule
actions: many. in the dominant hemisphere it is involved in language.
notable areas: supramarginal gyrus is a part of wernickes (needed to understand language)
angular gyrus is the gateway for visual info to get to wernickes
damage - inability to read
what notable regions are found here? what processes is this area involved in in the dominant hemisphere?
what are the sx of damage?
inferior frontal gyrus
regions found here - brocas
in dominant hemisphere, it is needed for programming of speech and writing.
damage – inability to generate fluent speech
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
what actions is it involved with?
superior colliculus
involved in moving the eyes, head, and axial muscles
where does this project to in the thalamus?
inferior colliculus
projects to the MGN.
how to test for palsy of this nerve?
cn 4 - trochlear
Have the patient look nasally. If he cannot then look down from that position, he may have CN IV palsy. He should also have double vision in this nasal position.
sx of damage?
facial nerve
LMN CN 7 damage can cause complete paralysis of the face on the affected side
olive
pyramids
Cn 9, 10, 11 - glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory
Cn 8 - vestibular, auditory
Cn 12 - hypoglossal
what axons pass through here? in what systems?
gracile fasciculi
lemniscal system and spinocerebellar systems
dorsal root axons from LOWER TRUNK and ascend the cord
brachium of the inferior colliculus
What process is this associated with?
What notable structures does it contain?
superior temporal gyrus
associated with audition
containtains wernickes area
what is this associated with?
Middle temporal gyrus
associated – primarily with vision, particularly visual memory
WHat condition is associated with damage to this region?
inferior temporal gyrus
bilateral X to the inferior temporal region can cause prosopagnosia.
occipitotemporal gyrus or fusiform gyrus
associated with vision, particularly with visual memory.
what is this area associated with?
what are sx of damage?
uncus
associated with memory; damaged can lead to amnesia
“hook-like prominence on medial parahippocampal gyri”
5
Uncus
associated with memory. bilateral damage to this structure can cause amnesia
Parahippocampus
associated with memory. bilateral damage to this structure can cause amnesia
Green
Parahippocampus
associated with memory. bilateral damage to this structure can cause amnesia
PInk
Fusiform gyrus
bilateral lesions of the inferior temporal lobe limited primarily to the fusiform gyri results in prosopagnosia
4
heschl’s gyrus -
primary sensory cortex for audition
unilateral X produces little sx
bilateral X produces the inability to understand spoken language (since info. is cut from wernickes area)
Pink
what is thsi a part of?
planum temporale (yellow is Hesch’s g)
makes up part of Wernicke’s area in the dominant hemisphere; located in the temporal lobe
opening the lateral sulcus.
what vessel is this supplied by?
Insula
suppled by MCA
wha system is this a part of?
what thalamic nulcei sends projections here>
cingulate gyrus
the anterior portion of the cingulate g. is a part of the limbic system
anterior nulcei (involved in emotions?)
3
what system is this a part of?
parolfactory gyrus (subcallosal gyrus)
limbic system.
what is the limbic lobe composed of?
parahippocampal + cingulate + subcallosal gyrus.
septum pellucidum
ependymal seal covering lateral ventricle lateral ventricle
lateral ventricle
what two ventricles communicate through this?
interventricular foramen
lateral and third ventricle
what does this connect?
corpus callosum
homolgous areas of the two hemispheres
anterior commissure
It serves in this way to connect the two temporal lobes, but it also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts, and is a part of the neospinothalamic tract for pain. The anterior commissure also serves to connect the two amygdala.
what does this connect?
posterior commissure
connects the two sides of the rostral midbrain?
What are sx of a tumor here?
pineal body
- paralysis of upward eye movements (since pretectal does vertical eye movements)
- no pupillary light reflex (pretectal blocked)
- hyodrcephalus if it blocks the cerebral aqueduct
thalamus
C?
massa intermedia (adhesion between thalami on each side)
where does this send projections to?
mamillary bodies
anterior nucelus in the thalamus, which then —> cingulate gyrus
third ventricle the area covering thalamus and hypothalamus
fornix
What does a X of this cause?
What structures is this near?
optic chiasm
near the infundibulum and hypothalamus
X optic chiasm –> a loss of vision in the temporal half of both visual fields: bitemporal hemianopsia
What does a unilateral X in the optic tract this cause?
optic tract
A lesion of the right optic tract causes a complete loss of vision in the left hemifield:
contralateral “homonymous” hemianopsia.
contralateral “homonymous” hemianopsia
what does a X of this cause?
optic nerve
loss of vision in the same eye
loss of pupillary reflex in the same eye
infundibulum of the pituitary gland
interpeduncular fossa
A
anterior perforated substance
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
A? what is it composed of?
cerebral peduncle
crus cerbri and the tegmentum
what is the ventricle associated with the PONS?
4th
base of pons
____ in the pons is in the floor of the 4th ventricle
what does this contain?
the facial colliculus
the abducens nucleus and axons of the facial nerve that pass over it
what are some sx of damage to this region
cerebellar vermis
potentially 1. disturbances in balance
- nystagmus
what are some sx of damage to this region
cerebellar hemispheres
- intention tremor
- ddk
- generally, impaired limb movement
what are some sx of damage to thsi region
cerebellar flocculus
pornetially 1. disturbances in balance
- nystagmus
7?
what does this connect?
inferior cerebellar peduncle connects the medulla to the cerebellum
5?
middle cerebellar peduncle- connects the pons to the cerebellum
4?
what does this connect?
superior cerebellar peduncle
connects the cerebellum to the midbrain and thalamus tonsils
4’
Vestibular area in the medulla
Orange and Yellow lines
trigones (vagal and hypoglossal)
11 and 12
- Cuneate tubercle
- Gracile tubercle
C
inferior cerebellar peduncle
thalamus
splenium of the corpus callosum
vermis of the cerebellum
ACA
mamillary body
posterior commisure
infundibulum
head of caudate
fornix
superior colliculus
inferior cerebellar peduncle
middle cerebellar peduncle
caudate nulceus
interthalamic adhesion
uncus
anterior tubercle of the thalamus
principal anterior and anterodorsal
vermis
mgn
cerebellar hemisphere
vermis
vestibular area
vagal and hypoglossal trigones
superior cerebellar peduncle
cerebellar hemispheres
trigeminal n.
flocculus
trochlear
inferior cerebellar peduncle
middle cerebellar peduncle
