S1: External Anatomy

Question 1

Answer 1

hypothlamus (diencephalon)

Question 2

Answer 2

thalamus (diencephalon)

Question 3

Answer 3

tegmentum of the midbrain (mesencephalon)

Question 4

5?

Answer 4

base of the pons

Question 5

Answer 5

longitudinal fissure

Question 6

Answer 6

central sulcus

Question 7

Answer 7

central sulcus

Question 8

Answer 8

lateral sulcus

Question 9

Answer 9

calcarine sulcus

Question 10

Answer 10

Parieto-occiptial Sulcus

Question 11

where do axons from here go? what do they do?

what are the effects of damage to this area?

Answer 11

precentral gyrus

a major source of axons that extend to the spinal cord for control of voluntary movements

Damage to this area results in weakness (paresis) and movement deficits on the OPPOSITE side of the body.

Question 12

what does damage to this area cause?

Answer 12

postcentral gyrus

somatic sensory deficits (e.g. loss of touch, limb position) on the opposite side of the body.

Question 13

what does this region contain?

what are the sx of damage to this region?

Answer 13

superior frontal gyrus

premotor cortex

Damage - forms of apraxia. If the damage is in the dominant hemisphere, the ability to write may be impaired.

Question 14

what action is this region associated with?

what are the sx of X?

Answer 14

superior partietal lobule

associated with guiding movement

X - apraxia, inability to bring limb under sensory or cogntiive control (not being able to point to an object when asked even though he is not paralyzed)

parietal lobe dorsal to the intraparietal suclus. [a “lobule” is a smaller group of gyri within a lobe]

Question 15

damage to this area causes?

Answer 15

middle frontal gyrus

premtoor area; forms of apraxia, if in dominant hemisphere the ability to write is impaired

Question 16

what notable regions are found here? what processes is this area involved in in the dominant hemisphere?
what are the sx of damage?

Answer 16

inferior parietal lobule

actions: many. in the dominant hemisphere it is involved in language.
notable areas: supramarginal gyrus is a part of wernickes (needed to understand language)
angular gyrus is the gateway for visual info to get to wernickes
damage - inability to read

Question 17

what notable regions are found here? what processes is this area involved in in the dominant hemisphere?

what are the sx of damage?

Answer 17

inferior frontal gyrus

regions found here - brocas

in dominant hemisphere, it is needed for programming of speech and writing.

damage – inability to generate fluent speech

Question 18

Answer 18

corpus callosum

Question 19

Answer 19

hypothalamus

Question 20

what actions is it involved with?

Answer 20

superior colliculus

involved in moving the eyes, head, and axial muscles

Question 21

where does this project to in the thalamus?

Answer 21

inferior colliculus

projects to the MGN.

Question 22

how to test for palsy of this nerve?

Answer 22

cn 4 - trochlear

Have the patient look nasally. If he cannot then look down from that position, he may have CN IV palsy. He should also have double vision in this nasal position.

Question 23

sx of damage?

Answer 23

facial nerve

LMN CN 7 damage can cause complete paralysis of the face on the affected side

Question 24

Answer 24

olive

Question 25

Answer 25

pyramids

Question 26

Answer 26

Cn 9, 10, 11 - glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory

Question 27

Answer 27

Cn 8 - vestibular, auditory

Question 28

Answer 28

Cn 12 - hypoglossal

Question 29

what axons pass through here? in what systems?

Answer 29

gracile fasciculi lemniscal system and spinocerebellar systems dorsal root axons from LOWER TRUNK and ascend the cord

Question 30

Answer 30

brachium of the inferior colliculus

Question 31

What process is this associated with? What notable structures does it contain?

Answer 31

**superior temporal gyrus** associated with audition containtains wernickes area

Question 32

what is this associated with?

Answer 32

Middle temporal gyrus associated -- primarily with vision, particularly visual memory

Question 33

WHat condition is associated with damage to this region?

Answer 33

**inferior temporal gyrus** bilateral X to the inferior temporal region can cause prosopagnosia.

Question 34

Answer 34

**occipitotemporal gyrus or fusiform gyrus** associated with vision, particularly with visual memory.

Question 35

what is this area associated with? what are sx of damage?

Answer 35

**uncus** associated with memory; damaged can lead to amnesia "hook-like prominence on medial parahippocampal gyri"

Question 36

#5

Answer 36

**Uncus** associated with memory. bilateral damage to this structure can cause amnesia

Question 37

Answer 37

Parahippocampus ## Footnote associated with memory. bilateral damage to this structure can cause amnesia

Question 38

Green

Answer 38

Parahippocampus ## Footnote associated with memory. bilateral damage to this structure can cause amnesia

Question 39

PInk

Answer 39

Fusiform gyrus ## Footnote bilateral lesions of the inferior temporal lobe limited primarily to the fusiform gyri results in prosopagnosia

Question 40

#4

Answer 40

heschl's gyrus - primary sensory cortex for audition unilateral X produces little sx bilateral X produces the inability to understand spoken language (since info. is cut from wernickes area)

Question 41

Pink what is thsi a part of?

Answer 41

planum temporale (yellow is Hesch's g) makes up part of Wernicke's area in the dominant hemisphere; located in the temporal lobe

Question 42

opening the l**ateral sulcus.** what vessel is this supplied by?

Answer 42

**Insula** suppled by MCA

Question 43

wha system is this a part of? what thalamic nulcei sends projections here\>

Answer 43

cingulate gyrus the anterior portion of the cingulate g. is a part of the limbic system anterior nulcei (involved in emotions?)

Question 44

#3 what system is this a part of?

Answer 44

**parolfactory gyrus (subcallosal gyrus)** limbic system.

Question 45

what is the limbic lobe composed of?

Answer 45

parahippocampal + cingulate + subcallosal gyrus.

Question 46

Answer 46

**septum pellucidum** ependymal seal covering lateral ventricle lateral ventricle

Question 47

Answer 47

lateral ventricle

Question 48

what two ventricles communicate through this?

Answer 48

interventricular foramen lateral and third ventricle

Question 49

what does this connect?

Answer 49

corpus callosum homolgous areas of the two hemispheres

Question 50

Answer 50

**anterior commissure** *It serves in this way to connect the two temporal lobes, but it also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts, and is a part of the neospinothalamic tract for pain. The anterior commissure also serves to connect the two amygdala.*

Question 51

what does this connect?

Answer 51

**posterior commissure** connects the two sides of the rostral midbrain?

Question 52

What are sx of a tumor here?

Answer 52

**pineal body** 1. paralysis of upward eye movements (since pretectal does vertical eye movements) 2. no pupillary light reflex (pretectal blocked) 3. hyodrcephalus if it blocks the cerebral aqueduct

Question 53

Answer 53

thalamus

Question 54

C?

Answer 54

massa intermedia (adhesion between thalami on each side)

Question 55

where does this send projections to?

Answer 55

mamillary bodies anterior nucelus in the thalamus, which then ---\> cingulate gyrus

Question 56

Answer 56

third ventricle the area covering thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 57

Answer 57

fornix

Question 58

What does a X of this cause? What structures is this near?

Answer 58

optic chiasm near the infundibulum and hypothalamus X optic chiasm --\> a loss of vision in the temporal half of both visual fields: bitemporal hemianopsia

Question 59

What does a unilateral X in the optic tract this cause?

Answer 59

**optic tract** A lesion of the right optic tract causes a complete loss of vision in the left hemifield: contralateral “homonymous” hemianopsia. **contralateral “homonymous” hemianopsia**

Question 60

what does a X of this cause?

Answer 60

**optic nerve** loss of vision in the same eye loss of pupillary reflex in the same eye

Question 61

Answer 61

infundibulum of the pituitary gland

Question 62

Answer 62

interpeduncular fossa

Question 63

A

Answer 63

anterior perforated substance

Question 64

Answer 64

olfactory bulb

Question 65

Answer 65

olfactory tract

Question 66

A? what is it composed of?

Answer 66

cerebral peduncle crus cerbri and the tegmentum

Question 67

what is the ventricle associated with the PONS?

Answer 67

4th

Question 68

Answer 68

base of pons

Question 69

\_\_\_\_ in the pons is in the floor of the 4th ventricle what does this contain?

Answer 69

**the facial colliculus** the abducens nucleus and axons of the facial nerve that pass over it

Question 70

what are some sx of damage to this region

Answer 70

**cerebellar vermis** potentially 1. disturbances in balance 2. nystagmus

Question 71

what are some sx of damage to this region

Answer 71

cerebellar hemispheres 1. intention tremor 2. ddk 3. generally, impaired limb movement

Question 72

what are some sx of damage to thsi region

Answer 72

**cerebellar flocculus** pornetially 1. disturbances in balance 2. nystagmus

Question 73

7? what does this connect?

Answer 73

inferior cerebellar peduncle connects the medulla to the cerebellum

Question 74

5?

Answer 74

middle cerebellar peduncle- connects the pons to the cerebellum

Question 75

4? what does this connect?

Answer 75

**superior cerebellar peduncle** connects the cerebellum to the midbrain and thalamus tonsils

Question 76

4'

Answer 76

Vestibular area in the medulla

Question 77

Orange and Yellow lines

Answer 77

trigones (vagal and hypoglossal)

Question 78

11 and 12

Answer 78

11. Cuneate tubercle 12. Gracile tubercle

Question 79

C

Answer 79

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 80

Answer 80

thalamus

Question 81

Answer 81

splenium of the corpus callosum

Question 82

Answer 82

vermis of the cerebellum

Question 83

Answer 83

ACA

Question 84

Answer 84

mamillary body

Question 85

Answer 85

posterior commisure

Question 86

Answer 86

infundibulum

Question 87

Answer 87

head of caudate

Question 88

Answer 88

fornix

Question 89

Answer 89

superior colliculus

Question 90

Answer 90

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 91

Answer 91

middle cerebellar peduncle

Question 92

Answer 92

caudate nulceus

Question 93

Answer 93

interthalamic adhesion

Question 94

Answer 94

uncus

Question 95

Answer 95

anterior tubercle of the thalamus principal anterior and anterodorsal

Question 96

Answer 96

vermis

Question 97

Answer 97

mgn

Question 98

Answer 98

cerebellar hemisphere

Question 99

Answer 99

vermis

Question 100

Answer 100

vestibular area

Question 101

Answer 101

vagal and hypoglossal trigones

Question 102

Answer 102

superior cerebellar peduncle

Question 103

Answer 103

cerebellar hemispheres

Question 104

Answer 104

trigeminal n.

Question 105

Answer 105

flocculus

Question 106

Answer 106

trochlear

Question 107

Answer 107

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Question 108

Answer 108

middle cerebellar peduncle