Section 2: Notes

Question 1

the lateral ventricle covers the ___ and ___

Answer 1

hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 2

cognitive deficits signal what part of the brain?

Answer 2

forebrain

Question 3

what is the striatum?

Answer 3

caudate, putamen

Question 4

what is the basal gang.?

Answer 4

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamus

Question 5

what part of the brain is the basal gang. located in?

Answer 5

forebrain (gp, caudate, putamen are)

Question 6

what structures are in the limbic system?

Answer 6

amygdala, anterior part of cingulate gyrus, orbital and medial prefrontal gyri, ventral parts of basal gang., hippocampus, parts of thalamus

Question 7

what causes the cavity in the ventral lateral surface of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

Answer 7

head of the caudate

Question 8

a hollow on the ventral medial surface of the inferior horn is produced by the____.

Answer 8

hippocampus.

Question 9

the hole piercing the third ventricle made by the ____

Answer 9

massa intermedia

Question 10

the “beak” of the third ventricle is surrounded by the ____

Answer 10

hypothalamus

Question 11

he medial surface of the posterior horn normally abuts the ____.

Answer 11

calcarine sulcus

Question 12

the _____ lies above the fourth ventricle

Answer 12

cerebellum

Question 13

what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?

Answer 13

the contiunation of the tegmentum into the pons

Question 14

what does the blood brain barrier protect the brain from?

Answer 14

• sever flucations in ionic concentrantions - toxic compounds - circulating hormones and NT released in other parts of the body

Question 15

The actual locus of the BBB is the capillary endothelium which is specialized by having what three things?

Answer 15

1) tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells 2) few endocytotic vesicles for intracellular transport 3) a high number of mitochondria indicative of high levels of oxidative metabolism.

Question 16

what 3 methods is entry into the brain achieved?

Answer 16

1. diffusion (lipid solube) 2. facilitative and energy depend. transport (water sol. like glucose and a.a.) 3. ion channels

Question 17

how do molecules get to the blood from the brain

Answer 17

a reverse pump in astroglia transpots lipophilic molecules back out

Question 18

how do some whole moelcules get into the blood brain barrier (like ymphocytes and macrophages)

Answer 18

a mechanism that opens tight junctions (implicated in disease with MS lymphocytes and HIV infected macrophages)

Question 19

what are 3 examples in which the blood brain barrier breaks down

Answer 19

brain tumor, bacterial invasion, ischemia

Question 20

ischemic directly damages cells ____ pumps

Answer 20

NA and K

Question 21

what are some of the causes of edema with stroke?

Answer 21

ischemia alters na and k channels ionic influx causes cells to swell

Question 22

csf is in equilibrium with

Answer 22

brain extracellular fluid

Question 23

what is the total volume of csf? how much is made per day?

Answer 23

140 ml is total volume, 500 ml made per day so a lot of turn over (3-4x)

Question 24

what secretes csf?

Answer 24

choroid plexus

Question 25

choroid plexus consists of a specialized capillary network surrounded by a\_\_\_ or ___ epithelium

Answer 25

cuboidal or columnar

Question 26

what accounts for the continuous production of CSF and active transport of metabolites?

Answer 26

epithelial cells form a barrier that is responsible for carrier-mediated active transport that is bi-directional.

Question 27

what is lower in blood plasma compared to CSF?

Answer 27

conentrations of K, Ca, bicarbonate, glucose, and protein

Question 28

CSF is more ____ than blood plasma

Answer 28

acidic

Question 29

what is the normal color of CSF?

Answer 29

clear; no rbcs and veyr few wbcs

Question 30

where does most of the csf go after flowing through the 4th ventricle

Answer 30

exits via foramen magendie or formaina lusckha, not the spinal cord

Question 31

CSF continues to flow over the whole brain and spinal cord beneath the arachnoid mater in the \_\_\_

Answer 31

subarachnoid space

Question 32

CSF flows slowly over the convexities of the cerebral hemispheres until it reaches the\_\_\_in the walls of the dural sinuses,

Answer 32

arachnoid villi

Question 33

2 common spots for flow of csf to be obstructed are the

Answer 33

interventricular foramen or at the cereberal aqueduct

Question 34

obstructiing hydrocephalus is also called \_\_\_

Answer 34

non communicating hydrocephalus

Question 35

what is cause of communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 35

the arachnoid villi are diseased and absorption fails

Question 36

with increase intercranil pressure ____ LOBE FUNCTION is often compromised

Answer 36

FRONTAL

Question 37

papilledema is caused by swelling of the \_\_\_

Answer 37

optic nerve

Question 38

what can cause increased protein content in csf?

Answer 38

changes in vascualr permeability or csf dynamics

Question 39

assocaition fibers connect

Answer 39

different areas of cortex in the same hemisphere;

Question 40

projection fibers connect

Answer 40

connect areas of cortex to lower areas of the neuraxis

Question 41

where does the superior longitudinal fasiculus extent to?

Answer 41

from the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe to the occipial lobe

Question 42

uncinate fasciculus runs deep to the

Answer 42

limen insulae

Question 43

uncinate fasciculus interconnects orbital frontal cortex-based reward and punishment centers with

Answer 43

temporal lobe based memory representations

Question 44

what does the cingulum connect?

Answer 44

structures of the limbic system

Question 45

what deep white matter tract may be involved in the process to avoid painful stimuli

Answer 45

cingulum

Question 46

The frontal lobes are connected through the

Answer 46

genu of the corpus callosum

Question 47

parietal lobes are connected through the

Answer 47

body of the corpus callosum

Question 48

occipital lobes (notably visual cortex) are connected via the \_\_\_\_

Answer 48

splenium of the corpus callosum

Question 49

the ___ connects the anterior poles of the two temporal lobes

Answer 49

anterior commisure

Question 50

the ___ connects the two fornices, connecting the two hippocampi

Answer 50

hippocampal comissure

Question 51

the posterior commisure connects the two

Answer 51

sides of the rostral midbrain

Question 52

what are the corona radiata

Answer 52

Projection fibers interconnect the cortex with nuclei at lower levels of the neuraxis.

Question 53

As the axons of the corona radiata pass medial to the lenticulate nucleus they are called the

Answer 53

internal capsule.

Question 54

Axons whose targets are in the ___ and ___ descend onto the anterior aspect of the midbrain as the crus cerebri.

Answer 54

rainstem and spinal cord

Question 55

Then look at the roof of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle and see the crossing fibers of the \_\_\_

Answer 55

corpus callosum.

Question 56

what are the fibers going from the internal capsule to the temporal lobe called/

Answer 56

auditroy radiation

Question 57

the INTERNAL CAPSULE is the neck of the funnel in which massive cables of axons (corona radiata) carry information from thalamus to cortex and from cortex to

Answer 57

thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cord.

Question 58

anterior limb of the internal capsule carries informaiton to and from the

Answer 58

frontal lobes

Question 59

what is the lenticular nucleus?

Answer 59

putamen and the globus pallidus

Question 60

what does the crus cerebri carry?

Answer 60

motor functions going from the cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord