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Neuroanatomy Lab > Section 2: Notes > Flashcards

Section 2: Notes Flashcards

1
Q

the lateral ventricle covers the ___ and ___

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

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2
Q

cognitive deficits signal what part of the brain?

A

forebrain

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3
Q

what is the striatum?

A

caudate, putamen

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4
Q

what is the basal gang.?

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamus

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5
Q

what part of the brain is the basal gang. located in?

A

forebrain (gp, caudate, putamen are)

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6
Q

what structures are in the limbic system?

A

amygdala, anterior part of cingulate gyrus, orbital and medial prefrontal gyri, ventral parts of basal gang., hippocampus, parts of thalamus

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7
Q

what causes the cavity in the ventral lateral surface of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

A

head of the caudate

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8
Q

a hollow on the ventral medial surface of the inferior horn is produced by the____.

A

hippocampus.

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9
Q

the hole piercing the third ventricle made by the ____

A

massa intermedia

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10
Q

the “beak” of the third ventricle is surrounded by the ____

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

he medial surface of the posterior horn normally abuts the ____.

A

calcarine sulcus

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12
Q

the _____ lies above the fourth ventricle

A

cerebellum

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13
Q

what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?

A

the contiunation of the tegmentum into the pons

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14
Q

what does the blood brain barrier protect the brain from?

A
  • sever flucations in ionic concentrantions - toxic compounds - circulating hormones and NT released in other parts of the body
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15
Q

The actual locus of the BBB is the capillary endothelium which is specialized by having what three things?

A

1) tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells 2) few endocytotic vesicles for intracellular transport 3) a high number of mitochondria indicative of high levels of oxidative metabolism.

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16
Q

what 3 methods is entry into the brain achieved?

A
  1. diffusion (lipid solube) 2. facilitative and energy depend. transport (water sol. like glucose and a.a.) 3. ion channels
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17
Q

how do molecules get to the blood from the brain

A

a reverse pump in astroglia transpots lipophilic molecules back out

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18
Q

how do some whole moelcules get into the blood brain barrier (like ymphocytes and macrophages)

A

a mechanism that opens tight junctions (implicated in disease with MS lymphocytes and HIV infected macrophages)

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19
Q

what are 3 examples in which the blood brain barrier breaks down

A

brain tumor, bacterial invasion, ischemia

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20
Q

ischemic directly damages cells ____ pumps

A

NA and K

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21
Q

what are some of the causes of edema with stroke?

A

ischemia alters na and k channels ionic influx causes cells to swell

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22
Q

csf is in equilibrium with

A

brain extracellular fluid

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23
Q

what is the total volume of csf? how much is made per day?

A

140 ml is total volume, 500 ml made per day so a lot of turn over (3-4x)

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24
Q

what secretes csf?

A

choroid plexus

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25
Q

choroid plexus consists of a specialized capillary network surrounded by a___ or ___ epithelium

A

cuboidal or columnar

26
Q

what accounts for the continuous production of CSF and active transport of metabolites?

A

epithelial cells form a barrier that is responsible for carrier-mediated active transport that is bi-directional.

27
Q

what is lower in blood plasma compared to CSF?

A

conentrations of K, Ca, bicarbonate, glucose, and protein

28
Q

CSF is more ____ than blood plasma

A

acidic

29
Q

what is the normal color of CSF?

A

clear; no rbcs and veyr few wbcs

30
Q

where does most of the csf go after flowing through the 4th ventricle

A

exits via foramen magendie or formaina lusckha, not the spinal cord

31
Q

CSF continues to flow over the whole brain and spinal cord beneath the arachnoid mater in the ___

A

subarachnoid space

32
Q

CSF flows slowly over the convexities of the cerebral hemispheres until it reaches the___in the walls of the dural sinuses,

A

arachnoid villi

33
Q

2 common spots for flow of csf to be obstructed are the

A

interventricular foramen or at the cereberal aqueduct

34
Q

obstructiing hydrocephalus is also called ___

A

non communicating hydrocephalus

35
Q

what is cause of communicating hydrocephalus

A

the arachnoid villi are diseased and absorption fails

36
Q

with increase intercranil pressure ____ LOBE FUNCTION is often compromised

A

FRONTAL

37
Q

papilledema is caused by swelling of the ___

A

optic nerve

38
Q

what can cause increased protein content in csf?

A

changes in vascualr permeability or csf dynamics

39
Q

assocaition fibers connect

A

different areas of cortex in the same hemisphere;

40
Q

projection fibers connect

A

connect areas of cortex to lower areas of the neuraxis

41
Q

where does the superior longitudinal fasiculus extent to?

A

from the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe to the occipial lobe

42
Q

uncinate fasciculus runs deep to the

A

limen insulae

43
Q

uncinate fasciculus interconnects orbital frontal cortex-based reward and punishment centers with

A

temporal lobe based memory representations

44
Q

what does the cingulum connect?

A

structures of the limbic system

45
Q

what deep white matter tract may be involved in the process to avoid painful stimuli

A

cingulum

46
Q

The frontal lobes are connected through the

A

genu of the corpus callosum

47
Q

parietal lobes are connected through the

A

body of the corpus callosum

48
Q

occipital lobes (notably visual cortex) are connected via the ____

A

splenium of the corpus callosum

49
Q

the ___ connects the anterior poles of the two temporal lobes

A

anterior commisure

50
Q

the ___ connects the two fornices, connecting the two hippocampi

A

hippocampal comissure

51
Q

the posterior commisure connects the two

A

sides of the rostral midbrain

52
Q

what are the corona radiata

A

Projection fibers interconnect the cortex with nuclei at lower levels of the neuraxis.

53
Q

As the axons of the corona radiata pass medial to the lenticulate nucleus they are called the

A

internal capsule.

54
Q

Axons whose targets are in the ___ and ___ descend onto the anterior aspect of the midbrain as the crus cerebri.

A

rainstem and spinal cord

55
Q

Then look at the roof of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle and see the crossing fibers of the ___

A

corpus callosum.

56
Q

what are the fibers going from the internal capsule to the temporal lobe called/

A

auditroy radiation

57
Q

the INTERNAL CAPSULE is the neck of the funnel in which massive cables of axons (corona radiata) carry information from thalamus to cortex and from cortex to

A

thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cord.

58
Q

anterior limb of the internal capsule carries informaiton to and from the

A

frontal lobes

59
Q

what is the lenticular nucleus?

A

putamen and the globus pallidus

60
Q

what does the crus cerebri carry?

A

motor functions going from the cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord

Neuroanatomy Lab (36 decks)

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