(second midterm) Lecture 10 (5/9/16) PT. 2 Flashcards
Antibodies are made by both _____________ and _____________.
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes:
specific antibodies
B-lymphocytes:
specific antibodies and natural antibodies
Antibodies belong to a group of plasma proteins called what?
globulins
Antibodies are made up of what?
four polypeptides (amino acid chains) 2 longer and larger, 2 shorter and smaller shape of a Y
Where are the variable regions of antibodies? What does it have?
the very tips of the arms of the Y
-has the potential to bind with particular classes of antigens
How does an antibody work?
What is single specificity?
once a raw antibody is stimulated to fit to a specific antigen, it can then react with only that antigen
called single specificity
-it can fit as precisely as a lock and key to an antigen
Antibodies are anchored in the cell membrane of ____________ and _____________.
B-lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes
Specific components of T-lymphocytes:
Natural Killer cells
Helper cells
Memory cells
Suppressor cells
T-lymphocyte roles:
initiate immune response
maintain immune response
control immune response
B-lymphocytes mature where? Then where are they carried? How?
Mature in bone marrow
carried to lymphoid tissue
via blood stream and lymphatic circulation
Other lymphocytes can be generated how?
via mitosis
Other lymphocytes can be generated via mitosis from what?
B lymphocytes resident in lymphoid tissues
Immature lymphocytes go to the thymus gland. What do they become?
T-lymphocytes
T-lymphocyte types:
Cytotoxic T-cells
Memory T-cells
Helper T-cells
Suppressor T-cells
Cytotoxic T-cells:
type of t-lymphocyte
directly attacks antigens or abnormal cells
Memory T-cells:
type of t-lymphocyte
respond to antigens that have been encountered before; they do so by making many copies of self via mitosis
Helper T-cells:
type of t-lymphocyte
stimulate activity of both B and T lymphocytes
What is critical to B lymphocytes? Why?
Helper T-cells
they are required to stimulate B-cells to make antibodies
Suppressor T-cells:
type of t-lymphocyte
can inhibit B and T cells to modulate and control immune response
When do T-cells recognize antigens? How do they activate?
when they are bound to plasma membrane of another cell
there must be a specific match between the T cell and the presenting antigen or there will be NO activation
Once stimulated, T-cells make what kind of cells? For what?
Cytotoxic t-cells and Memory t-cells
for invader destruction and future responses respectively
What is sensitization?
initial binding between a B-cell and an antigen
B-cell will not undergo complete activation until facilitated by what?
a Helper t-cell
What do Memory t-cells secrete?
cytokines
What do cytokines do?
stimulate both B cell activation and replication
Cell division makes 2 kinds of B cells:
plasma cells
B memory cells
Plasma cells:
make huge quantities of antibodies
*this is when the effects of an antigen start to become knocked down
What are B memory cells for?
they are retained for the next time that same antigen might be encountered
“long term immunity”
Because they are involved in immune response, antibodies are called…
immunoglobulin (ig)
IgG location:
most common; can pass out of blood vessels (only isotype that can pass through placenta)
IgG function:
produced in great quantity subsequent to initial exposure to a particular antigen
IgG transferred from the mother’s body protects a newborn until a week after birth
IgM is made up of ____ antibodies.
5
IgA is made up of ___ antibodies. It is distributed to what?
2
serum, nasal discharge, saliva, breast milk
IgD is present of the surface of…
b cells
IgE has recently become known as a key factor of…
allergies
B-lymphocytes have specific receptors on their cell membrane that bind with invading materials/organisms. They are called…
antibodies
Natural antibodies can attach to invaders and with the help of_________, can hold invaders at bay.
lectins
*can’t kill them on their own
What are natural antibodies?
they begin before birth
they clean up cellular junk and debris
they bind to molecules exposed in dead and dying cells, and induce macrophages to help clean them up
HIV is what kind of virus?
a retrovirus (RNA-based)
What does HIV do?
enters and disables helper T-lymphocytes
without these, B-lymphocytes can’t mature to make antibodies and natural killer cells can’t function fully
*an infected person can’t produce antibodies against even the simplest of invaders
