(second midterm) Lecture 10 (5/9/16) PT. 2

Question 1

Antibodies are made by both _____________ and _____________.

Answer 1

B-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes

Question 2

T-lymphocytes:

Answer 2

specific antibodies

Question 3

B-lymphocytes:

Answer 3

specific antibodies and natural antibodies

Question 4

Antibodies belong to a group of plasma proteins called what?

Answer 4

globulins

Question 5

Antibodies are made up of what?

Answer 5

four polypeptides (amino acid chains)
2 longer and larger, 2 shorter and smaller
shape of a Y

Question 6

Where are the variable regions of antibodies? What does it have?

Answer 6

the very tips of the arms of the Y

-has the potential to bind with particular classes of antigens

Question 7

How does an antibody work?

What is single specificity?

Answer 7

once a raw antibody is stimulated to fit to a specific antigen, it can then react with only that antigen
called single specificity
-it can fit as precisely as a lock and key to an antigen

Question 8

Antibodies are anchored in the cell membrane of ____________ and _____________.

Answer 8

B-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes

Question 9

Specific components of T-lymphocytes:

Answer 9

Natural Killer cells
Helper cells
Memory cells
Suppressor cells

Question 10

T-lymphocyte roles:

Answer 10

initiate immune response
maintain immune response
control immune response

Question 11

B-lymphocytes mature where? Then where are they carried? How?

Answer 11

Mature in bone marrow
carried to lymphoid tissue
via blood stream and lymphatic circulation

Question 12

Other lymphocytes can be generated how?

Answer 12

via mitosis

Question 13

Other lymphocytes can be generated via mitosis from what?

Answer 13

B lymphocytes resident in lymphoid tissues

Question 14

Immature lymphocytes go to the thymus gland. What do they become?

Answer 14

T-lymphocytes

Question 15

T-lymphocyte types:

Answer 15

Cytotoxic T-cells
Memory T-cells
Helper T-cells
Suppressor T-cells

Question 16

Cytotoxic T-cells:

Answer 16

type of t-lymphocyte

directly attacks antigens or abnormal cells

Question 17

Memory T-cells:

Answer 17

type of t-lymphocyte

respond to antigens that have been encountered before; they do so by making many copies of self via mitosis

Question 18

Helper T-cells:

Answer 18

type of t-lymphocyte

stimulate activity of both B and T lymphocytes

Question 19

What is critical to B lymphocytes? Why?

Answer 19

Helper T-cells

they are required to stimulate B-cells to make antibodies

Question 20

Suppressor T-cells:

Answer 20

type of t-lymphocyte

can inhibit B and T cells to modulate and control immune response

Question 21

When do T-cells recognize antigens? How do they activate?

Answer 21

when they are bound to plasma membrane of another cell

there must be a specific match between the T cell and the presenting antigen or there will be NO activation

Question 22

Once stimulated, T-cells make what kind of cells? For what?

Answer 22

Cytotoxic t-cells and Memory t-cells

for invader destruction and future responses respectively

Question 23

What is sensitization?

Answer 23

initial binding between a B-cell and an antigen

Question 24

B-cell will not undergo complete activation until facilitated by what?

Answer 24

a Helper t-cell

Question 25

What do Memory t-cells secrete?

Answer 25

cytokines

Question 26

What do cytokines do?

Answer 26

stimulate both B cell activation and replication

Question 27

Cell division makes 2 kinds of B cells:

Answer 27

plasma cells

B memory cells

Question 28

Plasma cells:

Answer 28

make huge quantities of antibodies

*this is when the effects of an antigen start to become knocked down

Question 29

What are B memory cells for?

Answer 29

they are retained for the next time that same antigen might be encountered
“long term immunity”

Question 30

Because they are involved in immune response, antibodies are called…

Answer 30

immunoglobulin (ig)

Question 31

IgG location:

Answer 31

most common; can pass out of blood vessels (only isotype that can pass through placenta)

Question 32

IgG function:

Answer 32

produced in great quantity subsequent to initial exposure to a particular antigen
IgG transferred from the mother’s body protects a newborn until a week after birth

Question 33

IgM is made up of ____ antibodies.

Answer 33

5

Question 34

IgA is made up of ___ antibodies. It is distributed to what?

Answer 34

2

serum, nasal discharge, saliva, breast milk

Question 35

IgD is present of the surface of…

Answer 35

b cells

Question 36

IgE has recently become known as a key factor of…

Answer 36

allergies

Question 37

B-lymphocytes have specific receptors on their cell membrane that bind with invading materials/organisms. They are called…

Answer 37

antibodies

Question 38

Natural antibodies can attach to invaders and with the help of_________, can hold invaders at bay.

Answer 38

lectins

*can’t kill them on their own

Question 39

What are natural antibodies?

Answer 39

they begin before birth
they clean up cellular junk and debris
they bind to molecules exposed in dead and dying cells, and induce macrophages to help clean them up

Question 40

HIV is what kind of virus?

Answer 40

a retrovirus (RNA-based)

Question 41

What does HIV do?

Answer 41

enters and disables helper T-lymphocytes
without these, B-lymphocytes can’t mature to make antibodies and natural killer cells can’t function fully
*an infected person can’t produce antibodies against even the simplest of invaders