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Bio 224 > (first midterm) Lecture 2 (4.6.16) PT. 1 > Flashcards

(first midterm) Lecture 2 (4.6.16) PT. 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the midgut end?

A

Where large intestine starts to go downward (descending colon)
left colic flexure

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2
Q

Parasympathetic nerve of the midgut:

A

Vagus (X)

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3
Q

According to Sumida, why don’t you want to lose your greater omentum?

A

The transverse colon is attached to it; keep the colon from “slumping down”

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4
Q

What makes up the hindgut?

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
(through to) Rectum

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5
Q

Hindgut…

Sympathetic innervation:

A

Lesser and Least Splanchnic nn. & Lumbar splanchnics (T10-L2)

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6
Q

Hindgut…

Where does the sympathetic innervation synapse?

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

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7
Q

Hindgut…

Parasympathetic innervation:

A

Sacral outflow (S2-4)

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8
Q

Hindgut…

Arterial supply:

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery and its branches

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9
Q

Hindgut…

Venous drainage:

A

Inferior Mesenteric Vein and its tributaries

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10
Q

When we have a system with capillary beds at BOTH ends, it is called….

A

a portal system

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11
Q

What is the system called that contains capillary beds in the large intestine connecting to the capillary beds in the liver?

A

hepatic portal system

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12
Q

The hepatic portal system draining the abdominal region has 3 major vessels:

A

Splenic
Superior mesenteric vein
Inferior mesenteric vein

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13
Q

The splenic, superior mesenteric vein, and inferior mesenteric vein are considered ________, NOT branches.

A

tributaries

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14
Q

What do tributaries do?

A

they act as “rivers” by dumping into something bigger

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15
Q

Hindgut…

Unpaired branch of abdominal aorta:

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

Hindgut…

Unpaired tributary of hepatic portal vein:

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

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17
Q

Hindgut…

Sympathetic nerve:

A

Lumbar Splanchnics

Lesser and Least Splanchnic Nerves

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18
Q

Hindgut…

Sympathetic nerve segmental levels:

A

L1-2

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19
Q

Hindgut…

Sympathetic Ganglion:

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Inferior mesenteric plexus

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20
Q

Hindgut…

Parasympathetic nerve:

A

Pelvic outflow (S2-4) via pelvic splanchnic nerves

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21
Q

What is it called when the organs are surrounded by visceral peritoneum?

A

Intraperitoneal

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22
Q

What is it called when a structure is between peritoneum on one surface and the body wall on the other?

A

Retroperitoneal

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23
Q

Difference between Primarily Retroperitoneal and Secondarily Retroperitoneal?

A

Primarily - starts that way

Secondarily - gets pushed and becomes that way after the fact

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24
Q

These are primarily retroperitoneal:

A

Aorta
Kidneys
Vena cava
Other small veins

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25
Q

These are secondarily retroperitoneal:

A

Duodenum
Pancreas
Some “bits” of the liver

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26
Q

Metabolism:

A

all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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27
Q

Anabolism:

A

combining smaller molecules into larger ones

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28
Q

Catabolism:

A

breaking large molecules into smaller ones with release of energy

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29
Q

Enzymes:

A

proteins that act as catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

30
Q

What is the primary sugar used by the body?

A

Glucose

31
Q

How are the sugars stored in the body?

A

as long chains called polysaccharides

32
Q

Monosaccarides:

A

Short; fruits and sugar cane

33
Q

Polysaccarides:

A

Chains; grains and vegetables

34
Q

A surplus of glucose is converted to what?

A

glycogen

35
Q

A surplus of glycogen is converted to _________ and is stored where?

A

triglycerides

stored in adipose tissue

36
Q

Phospholipids examples:

A

cell membranes, myelin sheaths

37
Q

What is a molecule that is used to make certain steroids?

A

cholesterol

38
Q

How many types of amino acids are there?

A

20

39
Q

The liver can convert excess amino acids to…

A

triglycerides

40
Q

Large excess of amino acids is lost….

A

in urine

41
Q

Functions of proteins:

A 
structure
transport
cell movement
enzymes
specialized functions such as hemoglobin
42
Q

Note: catalytic amount refers to a very small amount

A

Minerals are taken in catalytic amount

43
Q

Macrominerals examples:

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sulfer
Sodium
Potassium
Chlorine
Magnesium

*macromineral = needed at levels of over 100 milligrams a day

44
Q

Microminerals examples:

A 
Iron
Iodine
Copper
Zinc
Fluorine
Manganese
Cobalt
Chromium
Selenium

*microminerals = need trace amounts

45
Q

Vitamins

Fat soluble vs. water soluble

A

Fat = body holds onto them much longer and stores them

Water = not stored; excess excreted in urine

46
Q

Digestion:

A

mechanical and chemical processes involved in breaking larger food particles down into smaller ones

47
Q

Absorption:

A

process by which these (resulting) molecules pass from the gut tube to the bloodstream and lymphatic circulation

48
Q

Mechanical digestion innervations:

A
  • V3 (manipulation of food by muscles of mastication)
  • VII (buccinator)
  • XII (tongue)
49
Q

What is the initial carbohydrate breakdown?

A

Salivary amylase; starch breakdown

50
Q

There is little or no absorption that happens in the mouth, EXCEPT…

A

alcohol

51
Q

Incisors:

A

4

tearing and nipping

52
Q

Canines:

A

2

slashing, tearing, shearing, biting

53
Q

Premolars:

A

4

larger, complexly surfaced, chewing and grinding

54
Q

Molars:

A

6

even larger grinding teeth

55
Q

Enamel on the teeth is derived from…

A

neural crest material

56
Q

In what location is there NO chemical or mechanical digestion?

A

the esophagus

57
Q

The esophagus is the first place in which ________ takes place.
(and define _________)

A

peristalsis

wave of muscular action that propels bolus of food down gut tube

58
Q

What is the opening into the stomach called?

A

the cardiac sphincter

59
Q

What may absorb some water, does not absorb food, acts as storage, and tests for “poisonous ingestion”?

A

the stomach

60
Q

Rugae:

A

folds on internal surface of stomach

-increases surface area

61
Q

The inner surface of the stomach is derived from ________

A

endoderm

62
Q

The three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach are derived from _________

A

mesoderm

63
Q

What innervated the stomach?

A

Vagus (X)

64
Q

What is the primary gastric secretion in the stomach? From where?

A 
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Parietal Cells
65
Q

What protects stomach lining from HCl?

A

mucous

66
Q

What do zymogenic cells release?

A

Pepsinogen

67
Q

HCl cleaves pepsinogen into what?

And what does this do?

A

Pepsin; it digests proteins

68
Q

What secretes hormones?

What are some things the hormones do?

A

Entroendocrine cells

regulate stomach functions such as peristalsis, other secretions, etc.

69
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

stimulates secretion of HCl

stimulated by smell, taste, chewing, swallowing

70
Q

What innervates the gastrin secretion?

A

Vagus (X)

Bio 224 (31 decks)

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