(second midterm) Lecture 10 (5/9/16) PT. 1

Question 1

Functions of integumentary system (general):

Answer 1

protection
thermoregulation
sensory
synthesis

Question 2

True or false:

If the skin is acidic, we are experiencing a chemical imbalance and we should get it back to neutral.

Answer 2

false;
the skin is is usually a little acidic. generally is about 5.5 pH
*acid inhibits (doesn’t kill) bacterial growth

Question 3

Is sweat good or bad? How?

Answer 3

good; helps wash invaders out of pores

Question 4

What is the largest organ of our bodies?

Answer 4

skin

Question 5

Review:

exocrine vs. endocrine

Answer 5

exocrine: secretes into tubes
endocrine: secretes into bloodstream

Question 6

What is the biggest WBC?

Answer 6

macrophages

Question 7

What do the macrophages release?

Answer 7

histamines

Question 8

What are histamines?

Answer 8

they cause cells and cardiovascular vessels to release fluid and other WBCs out of the vessels and into surrounding tissues

Question 9

What comes from the bloodstream and helps contain microbes when a cut is healing?

Answer 9

defensive proteins

Question 10

What are granulocytes (general)?

Answer 10

WBCs not including lymphocytes

Question 11

Types of phagocytes:

Answer 11

microphages

macrophages

Question 12

Microphages:

Answer 12

types of phagocytes;

neutrophils and eosinophils

Question 13

Neutrophils:

Answer 13

type of microphage; they target bacteria and debris

Question 14

Eosinophils:

Answer 14

type of microphage; they target both foreign substances and things covered with antibodies

Question 15

Macrophages:

Answer 15

larger, either fixed in a tissue, or highly mobile

can come from remote locations to attack invaders

Question 16

Natural killer cells (NK cells):

Answer 16

will attack pretty much any cell that looks abnormal

Question 17

Natural killer cells will generally adhere to abnormal cells and cause lysis (tears them open) with an enzyme. What is the enzyme?

Answer 17

perforin

Question 18

What kind of cells are known to have a roll in attacking cancer cells?

Answer 18

natural killer cells

Question 19

Small proteins released by lymphocytes and macrophages or tissues invaded by viruses:

Answer 19

interferons

Question 20

What do interferons do?

Answer 20

bind to surfaces of normal cells and stimulate them to produce anti-viral proteins in their own cytoplasm

Question 21

What do interferons produce? What does it/do they do?

Answer 21

anti-viral proteins

• they do not prevent entrance of viruses into a cell, but can prevent their reproduction
• slows virus action until other cells can arrive to help dispose of them

Question 22

Complement:

Answer 22

special proteins

30 different kinds

Question 23

What are they called “complement”?

Answer 23

they do not act alone

Question 24

What do complement proteins work with? To do what?

Answer 24

antibodies
to begin a series of reactions with other complement proteins to build an enzyme that will attach to an invader’s cell wall and “lyse” (break) it

Question 25

Why are fevers important? What is a drawback?

Answer 25

they create an environment in which invaders such as viruses and bacteria do not reproduce well
they can interfere with other body functions

Question 26

When do specific defensive systems work?

Answer 26

NOT at birth but when you are exposed to a particular antigen (“not self”) or if received from another source (mother, vaccine, etc.)

Question 27

Specific defenses are sometimes called ________________. Why?

Answer 27

lymphocyte-based defense

-the WBCs used are lymphocytes

Question 28

Review:

What type of WBC is a lymphocyte?

Answer 28

agranulocyte

Question 29

What defends against antigens in body fluids?

Answer 29

antibodies

Question 30

Lymphocytes constitute about _______% of circulating WBCs.

Answer 30

20-40%

Question 31

Types of lymphocytes:

Answer 31

T-Cells
B-Cells
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

Question 32

T-Cells:

Answer 32

responsible for “cell-mediated immunity” (defense against invading foreign cells)
-can enter tissues and attach foreign cells directly or coordinate other lymphocytes

Question 33

Where do T-cells mature? B-cells?

Answer 33

T = thymus
B = bone

Question 34

B-Cells:

Answer 34

responsible for “humoral immunity” (defense by means of antibodies)

Question 35

What is an antigen?

Answer 35

• a foreign substance or organism

- any substance against which an antibody is produced

Question 36

How are antigens generally recognized?

Answer 36

-generally recognized as proteins or polysaccharides on the cell surface of an invading organism that do not correspond as “self”

Question 37

What are antibodies?

Where do they bind?

Answer 37

proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen

-bind to specific sites on antigen surface

Question 38

Antibodies don’t kill organisms, but they CAN…

Answer 38

• activate an invader

- initiate the process of activating phagocytic cells and other natural killers

Question 39

Antibodies can attach to _____________ to prevent attachment to target cells (“inactivation”).

Answer 39

bacterial toxins or viruses

Question 40

There is a specific antibody for any what?

Answer 40

for any one given type of individual invader