(final) Lecture 16 (6/6/16) PT. 2 Flashcards
Components of broad ligament:
mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium
In males, each germinal cell produces…
four haploid cells
each one becomes viable sperm cell
In females, what happens to those four cells?
only one will be viable
the other three degenerate
Before first meiotic division in females, each germinal cell remains in suspended development. What are these called?
primary oocyte
diploid
The first meiotic division is not completed until when?
puberty, when FSH triggers ovarian cycle
After first meiotic division, the remaining largest cell is the _____________.
secondary oocyte
haploid
The second meiotic division is not completed until…
fertilization
Each primary oocyte is packaged in what?
a follicle
epithelial vesicle
2 basic stages of ovarian cycle:
follicular phase
luteal phase
Follicular phase (basic):
(preovulatory phase)
development and maturation of primary oocyte into secondary oocyte
Luteal phase (basic):
(postovulatory phase)
degeneration of empty follicle and preparation of uterus for pregnancy
Follicular phases:
Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Tertiary follicle
Primordial follicle:
(first in follicular phase)
not yet growing
Primary follicle:
(second in follicular phase)
develops granulosa and thecal cells and zona pellucida
Secondary follicle:
(third in follicular phase)
follicular fluid develops between inner and outer layers of follicle
Tertiary follicle:
(fourth in follicular phase)
fluid fills the antrum, and primary oocyte matures into secondary oocyte, almost ready to be released
Luteal phases/structures:
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
Corpus luteum:
(first phase of luteal phase)
- what is left of follicle after ovulation
- secretes some estrogen and mostly progesterone (both regulate female menstrual cycle)
Corpus albicans:
(second phase of luteal phase)
degenerated follicle
“a little scar of connective tissue”
What exactly is ovulation?
the release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle
Ovulation occurs in response to high concentrations of what?
gonadotropins, primarily LH
Secondary ooctye is “ejected” from ovary directly through mass of…
ovarian wall
Fimbria directs oocyte into ____________, preventing movement into coelom.
fallopian tube
In a female, FSH stimulates maturation of…
primary follicle
What does the maturing follicle secrete?
estrogen and inhibin
*eventually inhibit will affect FSH level
Maturing follicle secretes estrogen.
At low levels, it inhibits secretion of what?
As it increases, it builds what?
LH
uterine wall
Rising levels of inhibin decrease what?
FSH levels
The dip in FSH levels separates what?
the dominant follicle from the rest
High concentration of estrogen leads to increase in what?
LH secretion
High levels of estrogen stimulate secretion of LH by what?
anterior pituitary
Spike in LH causes maturation of __________ and ovulation of the __________.
primary oocyte
secondary oocyte
Maturation of primary oocyte and ovulation of the secondary oocyte leaves the follicle without what?
egg
corpus luteum
Corpus luteum secretes what? This does what?
estrogen and progesterone maintains endometrium (for 15-16 days) and inhibits FSH and LH
High progesterone levels decrease what?
What does this do?
GNRH pulse rate
- changes in pulse rate and inhibit secretion
- keeps gonadotropin levels low
If oocyte is not fertilized and implanted in the uterine wall, the corpus degenerates to what? And what stops producing?
corpus albicans
stops producing estrogen and progesterone
Decrease in progesterone and estrogen allows what to slightly increase?
GnRH pulse rate
A slightly increased GnRH pulse rate allows an increase in what?
FSH secretion by pituitary gland
*cycle is ready to repeat
Without estrogen and progesterone, what breaks down?
endometrium breaks down
menstruation, spotting, blood, etc.
What is menstruation?
sloughing off of the enlarged endometrial wall along with blood and mucous
*beginning of the cycle
Females can store sperm for about how many days?
4
In PREGNANT females, the developing embryo has extra-embryonic membranes:
chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantois
What is a chorion?
the embryonic contribution to placenta
What does the chorionic portion secrete?
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hCG prevents what? What happens?
corpus luteum from degenerating
it continues to secrete progesterone and estrogen
