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Bio 224 > (first midterm) Lecture 2 (4.6.16) PT. 2 > Flashcards

(first midterm) Lecture 2 (4.6.16) PT. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In the foregut, what sympathetic innervation will happen during “fight, flight, and fear”?

A

Greater splanchnic nerve

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2
Q

What is the opening to the stomach from the esophagus called?

A

the cardiac sphincter

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3
Q

What is the entrance from the stomach to the small intestine?

A

pyloric sphincter

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4
Q

What is the first “kink” in the small intestine?

A

duodenum

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5
Q

Halfway through the duodenum is the boundary separating what?

A

The foregut and midgut

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6
Q

Most of our nutrients is absorbed where? Where else is water absorbed?

A

Small intestine

Large intestine

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7
Q

What comes from the liver & gallbladder and “dumps” into the small intestine?

A

the bile duct

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8
Q

The liver is working to produce secretions all the time, but we do not need that stuff all the time since we’re not eating all day. Where is the stuff stored until we need it?

A

gallbladder

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9
Q

When the secretions from the liver that are stored in the gallbladder need to be used, they come out of the gallbladder through…

A

the cystic duct

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10
Q

The pancreas also dumps into the ___________.

A

duodenum

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11
Q

The pancreas is what kind of structure?

A

exocrine AND endocrine

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12
Q

Exocrine vs. Endocrine

A

Endocrine secretes into bloodstream (hormones)

Exocrine secretes things into tubes

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13
Q

From the liver…
From the gallbladder…
Beyond their junction…

A

Hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Common bile duct

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14
Q

What happens when liver is making secretions but no food is going by?

A

Sends stuff down hepatic duct and into gallbladder then when food comes by it comes out of the cystic duct into the intestine

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15
Q

The pancreas goes into the duodenum via…

A

pancreatic duct

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16
Q

Pancreatic lipase:

A

enzyme that splits large fats into smaller

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17
Q

Pancreatic amylase:

A

enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides into monosaccharides and disaccharides

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18
Q

Carboxypeptidase:

A

enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

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19
Q

What secretes bile?

A

the liver

**bile is extremely alkaline

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20
Q

Bile helps breakdown _____.

A

fats

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21
Q

Plicae circulares:

A

internal folds of small intestine

22
Q

Villi:

A

tall, pillar-like bumps that arise from the internal surface to increase surface area.

23
Q

What is inside each villi?

A

arterial branch
venous branch
nerve
lacteal

24
Q

What are the clefts between villi?

A

Intestinal glands

old name is Crypts of Lieberkhun

25
Q

Segmenting contractions:

A

circularly arranged bands of smooth muscle that can constrict small intestine to point of occlusion. Functions to break up chyme, keeping it loose and mushy

26
Q

Emulsification:

A

Physical breakdown of lipid particles (usually to glycerol and free fatty acids)
Primarily a function for the bile

27
Q

Protein digestion in the midgut:

A

Trypsin and others finish breaking proteins to shorter polypeptides.
***aminopepdidase breaks down further into individual amino acids

28
Q

Carbohydrate digestion in the midgut:

A

Disaccaridases (many kinds) break complex sugars into smaller 2-ring sugars, and (mostly) glucose

29
Q

Absorption in the small intestine…

Water:

A

80-90% of water entering gut tube are absorbed in small intestine

30
Q

Absorption in the small intestine…

Carbohydrates:

A

primarily through microvilli of villi

31
Q

Absorption in the small intestine…

Proteins:

A

through columnar-shaped absorptive cells on the villi

32
Q

Absorption in the small intestine…

Lipids:

A

glycerol and free fatty acids combine with bile secretions to form a micelle allowing the fat to be absorbed across villi

33
Q

What is a micelle?

A

a sub-cellular sized structure which has components on the outside that are charged (water is comfortable with; hydrophilic) and non charged fatty stuff on the inside

34
Q

Explain lipid processing.

A
  1. Micelle is absorbed across villi.
  2. Once inside the cells, it is housed in endoplasmic reticulum.
  3. Lipids packed into protein coated droplets called chylomicrons.
  4. Sent to lacteal of villus.
35
Q

Fat soluble vitamins and functions:

A

A: maintain epithelia
D: facilitate absorption and use of calcium
E: DNA, RNA, RBC formation
K: needed for clotting

36
Q

Water soluble vitamins:

37
Q

B-12 vitamin requires what?

A

specialized protein carrier (in ileum)

38
Q

Absorption in large intestine:

A

remainder of water (primarily in ascending and transverse regions)
some salts, certain vitamins

39
Q

What bacterium aids in final conversion of liquid waste into semisolid feces?

A

Escheria coli

40
Q

What else does E. coli do?

A

synthesizes vitamins K and B12

41
Q

In the descending colon, intestinal glands secrete ________, which facilitates movement of drier material, neutralizes acids of remaining bacteria.

42
Q
  • Defecation:

- What is it controlled by?

A
  • process of expelling feces from terminal end of gut tube

- defecation reflex

43
Q

Defecation reflex:

A
  1. internal anal sphincter relaxes
  2. coelom pressurized (lateral and abdominal hypaxial muscles)
  3. peristaltic waves pass through sigmoid colon
  4. external anal sphincter relaxes (and feces exits body)
44
Q

Most blood vessels have 3 layers. From innermost to outermost they are…

A 
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia (externa)
45
Q

Subcomponents of tunica intima:

A
  • inner lining of simple epithelial cells attached to a basement membrane
  • middle layer of fine connective tissue made up of collagen
  • internal elastic lamina: outer elastic layer
46
Q

Artery vs. Vein:

A

artery: goes away from heart
vein: leads back to heart

47
Q

Tunica Media:

A

smooth muscle, elastic fibers, other connective tissue components

48
Q

Tunica adventitia (externa):

A

mostly elastic and collagenous fibers (in large vessels, this layer has dedicated verses, tiny blood vessels ad lymphatics)

49
Q

The inside of the blood vessel is the…

50
Q

“This is how twisted a question could be…”

If the blood vessels serving the liver contract, it is the sympathetic response (because the liver is not working and doesn’t need blood here).What branch? What nerve and what level is this coming from?

A

Celiac Artery
Greater splanchnic nerve
T5-T9

51
Q

Artery walls vs. Vein walls

A 
artery = thick
vein = thinner

Bio 224 (31 decks)

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