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MCAT > REVIEW > Flashcards

REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

How are molecules separated in column chromatography?

A

Polarity only as long as molecular weights are similar

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2
Q

Which phosphate is transferred from ATP when a molecule is phosphorylated?

A

The gamma phosphate

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3
Q

What is a coordinate ionic bond?

A

Not a thing

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4
Q

When comparing lengths of covalent bonds, what determines the longest/shortest?

A

Atomic radii of the elements in the bond

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5
Q

Lens type if it has negative focal length

A

Diverging

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6
Q

Diverging lens image

A

Virtual, upright, reduced

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7
Q

Lens type if positive focal length

A

Converging

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8
Q

What is the shortest bond: C-H, C-O, C-C, O-N?

A

C-H

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9
Q

Which property of a substance is best used to estimate vapor pressure?

A

Boiling point

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10
Q

Ubiquitination

A

Inactivates a protein by attached ubiquitin to it which signals for it to be degraded by a proteasome

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11
Q

Proteasome

A

Protein containing proteases, breaks down proteins tagged by ubiquitin

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12
Q

Protease

A

An enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides by hydrolysis

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13
Q

Thiol group structure

A

R-SH

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14
Q

What reaction does glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase catalyze?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3P to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate in glycolysis

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15
Q

Where do microtubules originate from?

A

Centrosomes

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16
Q

Centrosomes

A

Microtubule organizing centers

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17
Q

What disorder is present if a patient is selectively forgetting distracting elements of their life?

A

Dissociative disorder

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18
Q

Relative poverty

A

Social disadvantage by income or wealth as compared to the social advantages linked to income or wealth in a society

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19
Q

What are key components of CBT?

A

Address maladaptive behaviors through behavior therapy to systematically modify behavior, goal to foster cognitive charge by making self assessments

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20
Q

Aggregates definition

A

Individuals with common location but do not identify as members of a group

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21
Q

Power definition

A

Ability to control and influence others

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22
Q

Authority definition

A

Whether others believe ones power is legitimate

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23
Q

Resolution of light microscope

A

200 nm or .2 micron

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24
Q

Endothelium definition

A

One cell thick layer of epithelial cells that line the interior of the cardiovascular system

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25
Q

Sperm development pathway

A

Spermatogonium, spermatocyte, speratid, spermatozoon

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26
Q

Spermatozoa

A

Mature sperm after they lose most of cytoplasm, acrosome forms around the nucleus, mitochondria focus at the mid piece, and the flagellum forms

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27
Q

Time when sperm becomes spermatocyte

A

When Meiosis 1 begins

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28
Q

Time when sperm becomes spermatid

A

After completing Meiosis 2

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29
Q

When does crossing over occur

A

Synapsis during prophase I

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30
Q

Synapsis

A

When pairs of chromosomes come together during prophase 1 of meiosis, allows for crossing over to occur

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31
Q

Genetic drift

A

Variations in allele frequencies by random chance and not related to natural selection (could be because of death or changes in reproduction)

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32
Q

Phosphatases function

A

Remove phosphates from molecules by hydrolysis yielding inorganic phosphate

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33
Q

Phosporylases function

A

Break bonds by adding inorganic phosphate across them, ATP not involved

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34
Q

Ligases function and aka..

A

Link two molecules using NTP hydrolysis as an energy source, aka synthetase

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35
Q

When is the central route of persuasion more effective?

A

When people are willing and able to pay attention to facts

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36
Q

When is the peripheral route of persuasion more effective

A

When people are not paying close attention to the content of the message

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37
Q

Central route of processing

A

Occurs when the message characteristics engage the receiver in a deep, meaningful way, often through the use of a well reasoned argument emphasizing the logical content of the message, leads to lasting attitude or behavior change

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38
Q

Peripheral route of processing

A

Occurs when the message characteristics engage the receiver in a more superficial way, often through methods that do not require a great deal of thought, leads to temporary attitude or behavior change

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39
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

Describes two routes by which a message can cause attitude change in the receiver

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40
Q

Evolutionary game theory

A

Describes how complex social behaviors (mating, aggression, altruism) persist in populations

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41
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Motivation results from the desire to maintain homeostasis

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42
Q

Optimism bias

A

The tendency for people to underestimate the probability that bad things will happen to them

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43
Q

Overconfidence bias

A

When the degree to which people are sure of their belief is greater than the accuracy of that belief

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44
Q

Right and left on Fischer projection

A

Out of page

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45
Q

Up and down on Fischer projection

A

In to page

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46
Q

When is fructose 2,6 bisphosphate synthesis activated?

A

The fed state by phosphofructokinase-2

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47
Q

Fed state glucose level

A

High glucose in blood

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48
Q

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

A

Activates phosphofructokinase-1 and inhibits fructose1,6 bisphosphatase

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49
Q

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase

A

Enzyme in gluconeogenesis that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of F1,6BP to F6P

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50
Q

Phosphofructokinase-1

A

Catalyzes rate limiting step in glycolysis from F6P to F1,6BP

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51
Q

How is glycolysis stimulated?

A

Insulin activates phosphofructokinase-2

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52
Q

Phosphofructokinase-2

A

Activated by insulin and synthesizes fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

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53
Q

In isoelectric focusing where are the anode and cathode?

A

Anode at low pH, cathode at high pH

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54
Q

Disproportionation reaction

A

Redox reaction in which both the oxidation and reduction occurs to atoms of the same element

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55
Q

What can you use to infer thermodynamic stability?

A

Heats of combustion

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56
Q

Heat of combustion meaning

A

Amount of heat produced when compounds are combusted, more stable compounds produce less heat (less energy initially so less released)

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57
Q

What is Na2HPO3?

A

A basic salt

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58
Q

Requirements for measuring Michaelis Menton kinetics

A

Initial velocity must be measured under steady state conditions, pH remains constant at all substrate concentrations, the concentration of enzyme is lower than that of substrate

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59
Q

What atoms are the best to be involved in covalent coordinate bonds?

A

Electron poor metal ions and electron rich non metals with available lone pairs (Lewis bases)

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60
Q

Porphyrin ring component structure

A

5 sided ring with 4 carbons and 1 nitrogen, one double bond also

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61
Q

What does not change when sound passes through different mediums?

A

Frequency

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62
Q

What does change when sound passes through different mediums?

A

Wave speed, amplitude, wavelength

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63
Q

What layer of skin is adipose tissue in?

A

Hypodermis

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64
Q

Cell types in epidermis

A

Merkel cells, Langerhans cells, keratinocytes, and melanocytes

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65
Q

Shock absorber in skin

A

Adipose tissue in hydoermis

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66
Q

Hypodermis aka..

A

Subcutaneous layer

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67
Q

Where are langerhans cells?

A

Epidermis (outside layer of skin)

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68
Q

Striated muscle

A

Has sarcomeres

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69
Q

Which muscle types are striated?

A

Skeletal and cardiac

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70
Q

Which muscle types have gap junctions?

A

Cardiac and smooth

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71
Q

Nuclei amount in skeletal muscle

A

Multinucleated

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72
Q

Nuclei amount in cardiac muscle

A

1-2 nuclei

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73
Q

Nuclei amount in smooth muscle

A

Uninucleated

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74
Q

What event immediately precedes the power stroke in muscle contraction?

A

The myosin head is bound to the myosin binding site due to calcium and a troponin/tropomyosin shift and the release of ADP and Pi from the myosin head

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75
Q

Muscle contraction power stroke

A

Release of ADP and Pi from myosin head pulls actin filament to center of sarcomere

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76
Q

What event immediately follows the power stroke in muscle contraction?

A

Cross bridge dissociation where myosin head released into low energy position and then ATP hydrolysis shifts myosin head back to high energy position

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77
Q

Epiphyses of bones

A

Rounded ends of bones that have joint surfaces covered by articular cartilage

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78
Q

Diaphysis

A

Hollow shaft of long bone filled with bone marrow

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79
Q

Metaphyses

A

Regions where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet

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80
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Plays a role in bone development and lines the ends of articulating bones

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81
Q

Cartilage properties

A

Lacks nerves and is avascular so it must receive nutrients via diffusion from surrounding fluids or vascularized areas

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82
Q

Levels of Kohlbergs theory of moral development

A

Pre-conventional, conventional, and post conventional

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83
Q

Stages and info about pre-conventional moral theory

A
  1. Obedience and punishment 2. Self interest

* defined by direct consequences to the individual

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84
Q

Stages and info about conventional moral theory

A
  1. Conformity and interpersonal accord
  2. Law and order
    * defined by society’s norms and values
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85
Q

Stages and info about post conventional moral theory

A
  1. Social contract
  2. Universal ethical principles
    * defined by own ethical principles
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86
Q

Id

A

Selfish, pleasure principle

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87
Q

Super ego

A

Morality/perfection principle, formalistic and idealistic which completes us to perfection

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88
Q

Ego

A

Reality principle, realistic and compiles us to behave in socially acceptable ways

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89
Q

Fixed ratio response

A

Rapid response rate, short pause after reinforcement

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90
Q

Fixed interval response

A

Slower response rate after reinforcement, fastest response rate right before

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91
Q

Variable ratio response

A

Rapid, steady response rate, most resistant to extinction

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92
Q

Variable interval response

A

Slow, steady response rate, resistance to extinction

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93
Q

Functionalism

A

Society=an organism, each part works to maintain dynamic equilibrium, macro, Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons

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94
Q

Conflict theory

A

Society = a struggle for limited resources, inequality based on social class, macro, Karl Marx and Max Weber

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95
Q

Social constructionism

A

Social actors define what is real, knowledge about world based on interactions, macro or micro

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96
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Meaning and value attached to symbols, individual interactions based on these symbols, micro, Charles Cooley and George Herbert Mead

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97
Q

Rational choice/social exchange

A

Individuals behaviors and interactions attempt to maximize personal gain and minimize personal cost, micro

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98
Q

Feminist theory

A

Examines gender inequality in society, macro or micro

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99
Q

Looking glass self

A

Symbolic interactionist concept that suggests our interpretation of how we are perceived by others impacts our self concept

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100
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A

Used for anaerobic exercise, greater Ca2+ pumping capacity, white

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101
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A

Used for aerobic exercise, increased capillary density, more mitochondria, and higher levels of oxygen binding proteins, red

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102
Q

If males RR and females RS, how is imbalance of sex chromosome gene products compensated for?

A

One male R chromosome inactivated

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103
Q

Lyases function

A

Breaks a bond not using hydrolysis or oxidation

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104
Q

Hydolases function

A

Use water to break bond

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105
Q

RNA of operon

A

Transcribes a single mRNA that can be translated into multiple proteins

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106
Q

How to increase contractile force of heart?

A

Decrease transport of Ca2+ to extracellular environment, increase availability of intracellular Ca2+ to bind troponin, increase overall Ca2+ stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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107
Q

Primary active transport

A

Energy derived directly from the breakdown of ATP

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108
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Energy derived from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences between the two sides of the membrane

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109
Q

Fasting state metabolic processes

A

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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110
Q

Sustained fasting state metabolic process

A

Production of ketone bodies by fatty acid oxidation

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111
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

Parallel to glycolysis, generates NADPH and pentoses

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112
Q

How is NAD+ regenerated in anaerobic conditions?

A

Lactic acid fermentation

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113
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase aka…

A

Complex II of ETC

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114
Q

Succinyl coA sythetase

A

Catalyzes the creation of succinate from succinyl coA

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115
Q

Synthetase function and aka…

A

Link two molecules using NTP hydrolysis as an energy source, aka ligase

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116
Q

Imprinted genes

A

Genes whose expression is determined by the parent that contributed them

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117
Q

RNA virus replication

A

Require a reverse transcriptase to replicate themselves using a DNA intermediate

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118
Q

Osteoblast

A

Build and repair bone

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119
Q

Osteoclast

A

Break down bone

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120
Q

What is KCN and what does it do in water?

A

KCN is a water soluble potassium salt of the conjugate base of HCN, it fully dissociates into K+ and CN- in water

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121
Q

Representative elements

A

Groups1-8A or Groups 1-2 & 13-18, s block and p block (not transition metals or rare earth metals)

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122
Q

If dissolution aZ(s) cX(aq) + dY(aq), what is solubility product constant

A

K_sp = [X]^c*[Y]^d

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123
Q

If reaction CN-+H2O OH-+HCN, what is K_b?

A

K_b = [OH-][HCN]/[CN-]

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124
Q

What will happen when Q>Ksp?

A

Precipitates will form

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125
Q

Low vs high Ka

A

Weak vs strong acid

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126
Q

Law of mass action

A

The rate of a reaction is proportional to the molar amount (concentration or partial pressure) of each reactant raised to the power of its reaction order

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127
Q

Nuclear localization sequences

A

Signal for the transport of proteins such as transcription factors to the nucleus

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128
Q

Mitochondrial target sequence

A

Signal that induces a transport of an enzyme to the mitochondria because that is where it is used and it is made in the cytosol

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129
Q

Alpha keto derivative formation

A

Formed by transamination

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130
Q

Transamination

A

Where an amino group is transferred from an amino acid to a keto acid to generate the amino acid version of the keto acid and the keto acid version of the original amino acid

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131
Q

Xylulose

A

A pentose (5 carbon sugar)

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132
Q

Enantiomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula that are mirror images because they differ in orientation of every stereocenter

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133
Q

Enantiomer of a D-sugar

A

L-form

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134
Q

Sphingolipid function

A

Provide structure to biological membranes

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135
Q

Sphingolipid structure

A

Sphingosine, polar heat group, and one fatty acyl group

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136
Q

Fluidity of membranes in terms of fatty acid chain length

A

Short fatty acids are more fluid, less interactions

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137
Q

Beta oxidation product

A

Acetyl-CoA

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138
Q

miRNA

A

MicroRNA - functions in RNA interference by binding target complementary sequence on mRNA molecule to silence gene expression

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139
Q

Wall thickness of heart chambers

A

Right ventricle has thinner walls than left

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140
Q

How does western blot separate proteins?

A

Size because smaller proteins migrate the fastest through the gel

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141
Q

Where is peptidoglycan found?

A

Bacteria cell walls

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142
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Primary component of plant cell walls

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143
Q

Bacteria transformation

A

Bacteria take up DNA from their surroundings (the media in which they are immersed)

144
Q

Bacteria transduction

A

Process by which genes are transferred by a virus

145
Q

When do external intercostal muscles contract?

A

Inhalation

146
Q

When do internal intercostal muscles contract?

A

Exhalation

147
Q

What does the rapid destruction of mRNA allow a cell to do?

A

Change its protein expression over time

148
Q

What is the coordination of cell differentiation during development very sensitive to?

A

mRNA turnover

149
Q

What type of injury would lead to myoglobin being in someones urine?

A

Muscle or kidney injury

150
Q

Myoglobin

A

Substance that holds oxygen in the muscles and organs

151
Q

Do prokaryotes have mitochondria?

A

NO

152
Q

Hemorrhage

A

An escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel

153
Q

Vasoconstriction pressure effect

A

Can increase blood pressure

154
Q

Closed pipe resonant wavelengths

A

lambda = 4L/n with n=odd integers

155
Q

Open pipe resonant wavelengths

A

lambda = 2L/n

156
Q

Image from plane mirror

A

Plane mirror produces an image behind its plane at a distance equal to the object distance in front of the plane

157
Q

Electrical power equation

A

P = IV

158
Q

Buoyant foce on a solid

A

The difference between its weight and apparent weight in water

159
Q

Key parts of the hindbrain

A

Thalamus, brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata, reticular formation), and cerebellum

160
Q

Midbrain function

A

Sensorimotor reflexes that promote survival

161
Q

Neurulation steps

A

Ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow, forming a neural groove and two neural folds, furrow closes to form neural tube

162
Q

What does the neural tube become?

A

The central nervous system

163
Q

Neural crest

A

Cells at the leading edge of the neural fold

164
Q

Where is a salt bridge required and why?

A

Galvanic cells because in electrolytic cells, you can put half rxns into single component and salt bridge not required

165
Q

Salt bridge function

A

Release anions and cations into the separate half cells to counteract the buildup of charge created by current flow

166
Q

Benedicts solution

A

Common reagent used to test reducing sugars

167
Q

What are reducing sugars?

A

Sugars that contain hemiactetals or hemiketals (a carbonyl that can be oxidized)

168
Q

Benedicts solution purpose and method

A

Can test for reducing sugars because they can be oxidized to COOH

169
Q

Learning perspective language theory

A

Learned via operant conditioning and language imitation

170
Q

Nativist perspective language theory

A

Innate and biologically predetermined - occurs during critical period

171
Q

Interactionist perspective of language development

A

Biological (normal brain development) and social (due to interaction, reinforcement, and desire to communicate with others)

172
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition effect of Km and Vmax

A

No change with Km and Vmax down

173
Q

Uncompetetive inhibition effect on Km and Vmax

A

Km down and Vmax down by the same factor

174
Q

Theory of social self stages and ages

A

Prep: infant/toddler
Play: preschool
Game: school age

175
Q

Learning process during prep stage in theory of social self

A

Imitation but often lacks understanding

176
Q

Learning process during play stage in theory of social self

A

Role taking - taking on role of specific others

177
Q

Learning process during game stage in theory of social self

A

Generalized other - understanding all roles and overarching rules

178
Q

When does I develop in theory of social self?

A

Prep and play stages

179
Q

When does me develop in theory of social self?

A

Play and game stages

180
Q

Differential association

A

Individuals learn specific deviant behaviors and values/norms through interactions with others with those same behaviors and values/norms

181
Q

Labeling theory

A

Primary deviance (small social norm violation) leads to a deviant label and then social stigma causes more deviance and more serious violations

182
Q

Three types of capital

A

Economic, social, and cultural

183
Q

Cytosine ring substituents

A

Carbonyl, NH2

184
Q

Guanine ring substituents

A

NH2, NH, carbonyl

185
Q

Thymine ring substituents

A

Carbonyl, NH, carbonyl, methyl

186
Q

Adenine ring substituents

A

NH2

187
Q

Z alkene

A

Highest priority groups occur on the same side of the double bond

188
Q

E alkene

A

Highest priority groups occur on the opposite side of the double bond

189
Q

Near sightedness

A

Focal length shorter than it should be, image in front of the retina, corrected with diverging lens

190
Q

Far sightedness

A

Focal length longer than it should be, image behind the retina, corrected with converging lens

191
Q

Magnitude of electric field equations

A

E = V/d (for uniform field) = kQ/r^2 = Fe/q

192
Q

What forces do all atoms and molecules experience?

A

London dispersion attractive forces

193
Q

What intermolecular forces exist among molecules of NH3 gas between dipole dipole and London dispersion?

A

Both!!

194
Q

How to compare enhancement of treatment?

A

“Fold enhancement” or the division of the two options

195
Q

Cyclic ester

A

Lactone

196
Q

What will occur if a Lactone is in the presence of a base?

A

It will be hydrolyzed to an alcohol and carboxylate

197
Q

Buffering capacity

A

+/- 1 pH unit away from the pKa

198
Q

Divalent ion

A

A cation with a valence of 2+

199
Q

The electric field inside each of the conductors that form the capacitor is zero. Why is this the case?

A

Free electrons in the conductor arrange themselves on the surface so that the electric field they produce inside the conductor exactly cancels any external electric field

200
Q

Cytochromes

A

Proteins that are involved in redox reactions

201
Q

Cytochrome p450

A

A monooxygenase that catalyzes an oxidation reaction

202
Q

Where does fatty acid oxidation take place?

A

Mitochondria

203
Q

What is added to acetyl coA for it to become malonyl coA?

A

Carboxyl group

204
Q

What does 35S label?

A

Proteins

205
Q

Henrys law

A

S = Kh*Pg

S - solubility of a gas
Kh - henrys law constant
Pg - pressure of the gas above the solution

206
Q

Is the stop codon included in an amino acid and what does this mean?

A

No it is not so that means that the length of the mRNA must be length of aa*3+3 at the minimum

207
Q

What to consider when choosing an antigen for vaccine production?

A

Immunogenicity and toxicity (not desirable)

208
Q

What is the Svedberg sedimentation coefficient for the large subunit of the bacterial ribosome?

A

50S

209
Q

What is the Svedberg sedimentation coefficient for the small subunit of the bacterial ribosome?

A

30S

210
Q

What is the Svedberg sedimentation coefficient for the bacterial ribosome?

A

70S

211
Q

What is the Svedberg sedimentation coefficient for the large subunit of the eukaryote ribosome?

A

60S

212
Q

What is the Svedberg sedimentation coefficient for the small subunit of the eukaryote ribosome?

A

40S

213
Q

What is the Svedberg sedimentation coefficient for the eukaryote ribosome?

A

80S

214
Q

tRNA sites during translation order

A

A (amino acid), then P (peptide), then E (exit)

215
Q

microRNA expression change

A

DOWNREGULATES expression

216
Q

RT-PCR

A

Molecular technique that measure mRNA levels of specific proteins

217
Q

Quantitative PCR

A

Measures levels of DNA

218
Q

Native PAGE

A

Used to separate molecules based on their electrophoretic mobility, relying on length, conformation, and charge

219
Q

If female has two X chromosomes, what happens to inactive one?

A

Still replicates but it is one of the last to replicate, more condensed than the active one and not transcribed

220
Q

How is extra water normal excreted from the body?

A

Normally through skin and lungs, also diarrhea if that is the case

221
Q

What does phosphorylation do to isoelectric point?

A

Decreases isoelectric point by adding negative charge

222
Q

Are B and T cells in the brain?

A

Usually not at the beginning the immune response

223
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytotic innate immune cells specific to the brain, mounts immune response

224
Q

Amber codon

A

Stop codon

225
Q

Stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

226
Q

Discriminating stimuli

A

Used in operant conditioning to signal the availability of reinforcement or punishment

227
Q

Traditional behaviorist approach to motivation

A

Cognitions cannot act as motivators for behavior and only actual outcomes of a behavior will determine whether that behavior is repeated

228
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself, driven by external rewards

229
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Motivation that arises from within the individual

230
Q

Base rate fallacy

A

Refers to the error people make when they ignore the base rates when evaluating the probabilities of events

231
Q

Glass escalator effect

A

Suggests that men who pursue occupations that have high proportions of women will be promoted more quickly

232
Q

Socialization

A

Learning norms and values

233
Q

Common sense theory of emotion

A

Stimulus, subjective experience, body response

234
Q

James Lange theory of emotion

A

Stimulus, bond response, subjective experience

235
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Stimulus, body response and subjective experience simultaneously

236
Q

Schachter Singer theory of emotion

A

Stimulus, body response, interpretation, subjective experience

237
Q

Three components of attitude

A

Behavioral, cognitive, and affective

238
Q

Affective attitude

A

Consists of an emotional experience evoked by the attitude object

239
Q

Behavioral attitude

A

Consists of the typical responses made when the individual is in the presence of the attitude object

240
Q

Cognitive attitude

A

Consists of an individuals beliefs about the attitude object

241
Q

What is the key indicator of alcohol DEPENDANCE?

A

Withdrawal symptoms

242
Q

BIG 5

A

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

243
Q

Overextension

A

Applying a term for one class of an objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance

244
Q

Bootstrapping

A

Initial stages of grammatical development

245
Q

Social epidemiology

A

Focuses on the social determinants of health and disease

246
Q

Disinhibition and what it is associated with

A

Lack of restraint manifested in disregard of social conventions, impulsivity, and poor risk assessment, associated with binge drinking

247
Q

Assimilation and life expectancy

A

Assimilation proposes that an immigrant group will eventually adopt the customs of the majority group and their outcomes should be similar

248
Q

High albumin levels

A

Fluid will flow into bloodstream

249
Q

What will happen if all genotypes are equally fit?

A

None will be selected against

250
Q

Is carbon dioxide a H bond acceptor, donor, or both?

A

H bond acceptor

251
Q

Geometry of XeF4?

A

Square planar

252
Q

Relative boiling points

A

Carboxylic acid>alcohol>aldehydes and ketones ( h bond acceptors but not donors)>alkene

253
Q

+/- stereochemistry

A

Enantiomers, + rotate plane polarized light clockwise, - rotate plane polarized light counterclockwise

254
Q

What is a common reason for colorful solutions?

A

Metal ions with partially filled d orbitals and electrons in the lower energy d orbitals absorb light to move to the higher energy d orbital

255
Q

Volt equivalent

A

J/C

256
Q

Doppler effect equation

A

deltaF/F=-v/c

v - relative velocity between source and detector
c - speed of wave in the medium

257
Q

Why are percentages of the change in frequency and wavelength so much greater when sound waves are used instead of radio waves?

A

Sounds waves travel more slowly

258
Q

Snells law

A

n1sin(theta1) = n2sin(theta2)

259
Q

What does it mean if n>1? and equation

A

Light will move slower through the medium than it would in air because n = c/v

260
Q

What happens when light enters a medium with a high index of refraction?

A

The light bends towards the normal

261
Q

Reuptake of calcium into sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Occurs via an ATP-hydrolyzing pump that moves calcium against its gradient

262
Q

Cholesterol in membranes of prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

No for prokaryotes but yes for eukaryotes

263
Q

Do prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles?

A

NO!

264
Q

What is the muscle type in the uterus?

A

Smooth muscle

265
Q

What is the muscle type in the arteries and veins?

A

Smooth muscle

266
Q

Vmax equation

A

Vmax = kcat*[E]

267
Q

Which direction does kinesin move?

A

Away from the nucleus

268
Q

Which direction does dynein move?

A

Toward the nucleus

269
Q

Alpha sugar

A

If anomic carbon substituent is on the opposite side of ring plane from the substituent on the highest # chiral carbon

270
Q

Beta sugar

A

If anomic carbon substituent is on the same side of the ring plane from the substituent on the highest # chiral carbon

271
Q

DNA and acetylation

A

Acetylation of + charged amino acids on histones disrupts salt bridges between DNA and histone and increases gene expression

272
Q

Catalytic efficiency equation

A

eta_cat = kcat/km

273
Q

Cell apoptosis

A

Cytochrome c release from mitochondria, caspase activation, cell shrinkage and blebbing, blebs broken down into apoptotic bodies

274
Q

Which is longer: aspartate or glutamate?

A

Glutamate

275
Q

Western plot process

A

Protein of interest is loaded onto a gel and subjected to electrophoresis, proteins are then transferred to a protein binding membrane so they are immobilized, addition of blocking protein so that antibodies cannot bind to membrane, membrane incubated with antibodies that bind protein of interest (a lot of times a secondary antibody is used as the one with marker/detection capability), antibodies detected via fluorescence or chemiluminescence

276
Q

What does a right shift in the x axis of a lineweaver burke graph mean?

A

Increase in Km

277
Q

What does an increase in Km mean?

A

Lower binding affinity

278
Q

What are non reducing sugars?

A

Have acetal or ketal groups and cannot be reduced

279
Q

Henderson hasselbalch equation

A

pH = pKa + log(conj base/acid)

280
Q

What is completed 5’ to 3’?

A

DNA synthesis during replication, RNA synthesis during transcription, mRNA read in translation

281
Q

What is completed 3’ to 5’?

A

Template reading during transcription

282
Q

Deindividuation process

A

Large group size, diffusion of responsibility, anonymity, emotionally arousing activity, deindividuation, decreased inhibitions, increased responsiveness to group behavior

283
Q

Place theory

A

Explains the perception of sound pitch

284
Q

Long bone growth

A

Grow via endochondral ossification which requires cartilaginous growth plates at the ends of long bones

285
Q

What does the number if incident photons effect in photoelectric effect?

A

Only number of electrons, not energies (energies are from photon energy)

286
Q

Does electric force depend on speed of particle?

A

NO!!

287
Q

Capacitance of parallel plate conductors

A

C = epsilon*A/d

288
Q

Normal memory decay

A

Drops off quickly then evens out

289
Q

Fatty acid sodium salts in water

A

These salts are soluble in water to a charged carboxylate group and sodium ion

290
Q

Constitutional isomers

A

Have same molecular weight and formula but vary in connectivity making them different compounds

291
Q

Conformational isomers

A

Isomers that can be interconverted by a rotation about single bonds

292
Q

Configurational isomers

A

Stereoisomers that cannot be interconverted by rotation about single bonds

293
Q

When can you use simple distillation?

A

When compounds have boiling points less than 150 deg C and are more than 25 deg C apart

294
Q

When can you use fractional distillation?

A

When compounds have boiling points less than 150 deg C and are LESS than 25 deg C apart

295
Q

When can you use vacuum distillation?

A

When compounds have boiling points greater than 150 deg C

296
Q

What do electronegative groups do on H NMR?

A

Deshield and downfield shift

297
Q

OH IR stretch

A

3650 - 3200

298
Q

sp CH IR stretch

A

3300

299
Q

sp2 CH IR stretch

A

3100

300
Q

sp3 CH IR stretch

A

3000

301
Q

C=O IR stretch

A

1810-1650

302
Q

Glyceraldehyde structure

A

Oxidized fom of glycerol with one aldehyde and two hydroxyl groups

303
Q

Fischer projection of L-glyceraldehyde

A

OH on left, COH above, H on right, CH2OH below

304
Q

Z line

A

End of the sarcomere

305
Q

M line

A

Middle of the myosin filaments

306
Q

I band

A

Thin filaments only

307
Q

H band

A

Thick filaments only

308
Q

A band

A

All of the thick filament

309
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin

310
Q

Thin filaments

A

Actin

311
Q

Focal point distance

A

Radius of curvature/2

312
Q

Why does light slow down in an optically dense material?

A

It is absorbed and re-emitted by the atomic structure of the optically dense medium

313
Q

What occurs when the concentration of acid and conjugate base are equal?

A

The pH of a buffer equals the pKa of the acid

314
Q

Why is NaNO2 basic?

A

NO2- is hydrolyzed with the formation of OH- ions

315
Q

Expectancy theory of motivation

A

Expectancy + Instrumentality + Valence = Motivation

316
Q

Expectancy

A

Perceived likelihood of effort leading to performance

317
Q

Instrumentality

A

Perceived likelihood of performance leading to reward

318
Q

Valence

A

Degree of value reward has for the individual

319
Q

Maslow hierarchy of needs

A

Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization

320
Q

Selective attention

A

Ability to focus on one stimulus or task despite distractions

321
Q

2 types of memory stable with age

A

Semantic and procedural

322
Q

Monoamine hypothesis

A

Depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) in the CNS directly cause depression symptoms

323
Q

Anhedonia

A

Lack of pleasure

324
Q

Nucleus accumbens function

A

In reward pathway

325
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

A

Decreases breakdown of monoamines in pre-synaptic neuron

326
Q

9 Gestalt principles

A

Emergence, multi stability, subjective contours, invariance, closure, similarity, proximity, continuity, common fate

327
Q

Why does circle around focal point fade if you focus at focal point?

A

Sensory adaption

328
Q

Does SN2 occur with tertiary carbons?

A

No

329
Q

Original reactants in Gabriel synthesis

A

Potassium phthalimide and diethyl bromomalonate

330
Q

Normal configuration of naturally occurring amino acids

A

L configuration

331
Q

Where is the appendix?

A

Junction of small intestine and large intestine, appendix continuous with large intestine so bacteria can go back and forth

332
Q

What germ layer does the cardiovascular system originate from?

A

Mesoderm

333
Q

Where is a primary oocyte arrested?

A

Prophase I of meiosis, finishes meiosis I and becomes secondary oocyte during ovulation

334
Q

Where is the secondary oocyte arrested?

A

Metaphase II, must be fertilized to complete meiosis II

335
Q

Secondary group

A

People who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task, impersonal

336
Q

Solubility of fatty acid salt

A

Can partially dissolve in both polar and nonpolar media

337
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio

338
Q

What is the molar concentration of Na+(aq) in a solution that is prepared by mixing 10 mL of a 0.010 M NaHCO3(aq) solution with 10 mL of a 0.010 M Na2CO3(aq) solution?

A

0.015 M because you need to remember to divide by 2 because you are doubling the volume

339
Q

Visible light wavelength range

A

400 to 750 nm

340
Q

Blue side of visible light spectrum

A

400 nm

341
Q

Red side of visible light spectrum

A

750 nm

342
Q

Lipophilic aka

A

Hydrophobic

343
Q

Schemas vs script

A

Schemas are cognitions and scripts are an order of actions

344
Q

Anterograde memory

A

The ability to form long term memories after brain injury

345
Q

Retrograde memory

A

The ability to remember information before brain injury

346
Q

Anxious about a nagging illness, a patient feels ignored by a doctor who is struggling to catch up with patient examinations on a very busy day. The doctor misinterprets the discomfort and agitation of the patient as hostility. Which sociological paradigm can best explain this scenario?

A

Symbolic interactionist theory

347
Q

Proactive interference

A

Earlier information interfering with memory for later information

348
Q

Retroactive interference

A

Later information interfering with memory for earlier information

349
Q

What are virion cell membranes most similar to?

A

Eukaryotic cell membrane because many times these virions are formed by budding off the surface of eukaryotic cells

350
Q

Can a light microscope see eukaryotic/bacteria cells?

A

Yes, both

351
Q

What media would be used to grow virions in the laboratory?

A

Tissue culture

352
Q

What type of isomers do alpha and beta distinguish between?

A

Epimers

353
Q

How is the influx of Na+ across the motor end plate of the muscle fiber mediated?

A

Ligand (Acetylcholine) gated ion channel

354
Q

Palindrome Sequence

A

Used in restriction enzymes for southern plot to determine mutations, 4 or 6 BP and reading it forward should be the same as the complementary sequence of reading it backward

355
Q

Focal length in terms of o and I

A

1/f = 1/I +1/o

356
Q

Shadowing task

A

Pay attention to one ear and repeat

357
Q

Are introns or exons removed?

A

Introns

MCAT (67 decks)

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