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MCAT > Biology Ch 5. The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Biology Ch 5. The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

The secretion of hormones directly into the bloodstream, the hormones travel to distant target tissues were they bind to receptors and induce a change in gene expression or cell function

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2
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Composed of amino acids and are derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during posttranslational modification, are polar and cannot pass through the plasma membrane, bind to extracellular receptors to trigger transmission of a second messenger, exert effects that have rapid onset but are short lived, water-soluble so travel freely in bloodstream without special carrier

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3
Q

Second messenger

A

Transmitted when peptide hormones bind to extracellular receptors, common examples include cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3), and calcium

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4
Q

Signaling cascade

A

The connection between the hormone at the surface and the effect brought about by second messengers within the cell, each step can induce amplification of the signal

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5
Q

Amplification

A

Increase in signal intensity

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6
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol, or minimally polar and can pass through the plasma membrane, buying two and promote a conformational change in cytosolic or intranuclear receptors, the hormone receptor complex binds to DNA altering the transcription of a particular gene, exert affects that have slow onset butter long lived, or lipid soluble so they cannot dissolve in the blood stream and must be carried by specific proteins

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7
Q

Amino acid – derivative hormones

A

Modified amino acids, chemistry share some features with peptide hormones and some features with steroid hormones, different amino acid derivatives hormones share different features with these other hormone classes, examples include epinephrine, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine

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8
Q

Hormone types

A

Chain hormones, steroid hormones, amino acid derivative hormones

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9
Q

Hormone classifications by target tissues

A

Direct hormones, tropic hormones

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10
Q

Direct hormones

A

Have major effects on non-endocrine tissues

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11
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Have major effects on other endocrine tissues

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12
Q

Hypothalamus endocrine system

A

Bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems, releases many hormones and is mediated by a number of factors, stimulates the anterior pituitary gland through paracrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system which connects the two organs, interacts with the posterior pituitary via the axons of nerves projected by the hypothalamus

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13
Q

Hypothalamus mediation factors

A

Projections from other parts of the brain, chemo or baroreceptors in the blood vessels, and negative feedback from other hormones

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14
Q

Negative feedback

A

The final hormone (or product) of a pathway inhibits hormones (or enzymes) earlier in the pathway, maintaining homeostasis

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15
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

GnRH - promotes the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

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16
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone

A

GHRH - promotes the release of growth hormone

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17
Q

Thyroid-releasing hormone

A

TRH – promotes the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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18
Q

Corticotropin – releasing factor

A

CRF - promotes the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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19
Q

Prolactin inhibiting factor

A

PIF or dopamine - inhibits the release of prolactin

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20
Q

Hormones from the hypothalamus

A 
To the anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
Prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF or dopamine)

To the posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
Oxytocin

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21
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Releases hormones in response to stimulation from the hypothalamus

Tropic hormones
FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH

Direct hormones
Prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone

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22
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone

A

FSH - promotes the development of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males, peptide hormone

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23
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

LH - promotes ovulation in females and testosterone production in males, peptide hormone

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24
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

ACTH - promotes the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex, peptide hormone

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25
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

TSH - promotes the synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the thyroid, peptide hormone

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26
Q

Prolactin

A

Promotes milk production, peptide hormone

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27
Q

Endorphins

A

Decrease perception of pain and can produce euphoria, peptide hormone

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28
Q

Growth hormone

A

GH - promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues, raises blood glucose concentrations, peptide hormone

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29
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Releases two hormones produced in the hypothalamus

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30
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH or vasopressin - secreted in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity and increases reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the nephron, increasing blood volume and decreasing was osmolarity, peptide hormone

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31
Q

Oxytocin

A

Secreted during childbirth and promotes uterine contractions, also promotes milk ejection in may be involved in bonding behavior, unusual in that it has a positive feedback loop, peptide hormone

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32
Q

Thyroid

A

Located at the base of the neck in front of the trachea, it produces three key hormones: triiodothyronine, thyroxine, calcitonin

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33
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

T3 - produced by follicular cells and contain iodine, increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids, are required for proper neurological and physical development in children, amino-acid derivative hormone

34
Q

Thyroxine

A

T4 - produced by follicular cells and contain iodine, increase basal metabolic rate and alter the utilization of glucose and fatty acids, are required for proper neurological and physical development in children, amino acid derivative hormone

35
Q

Follicular cells

A

In thyroid, produce triiodothyronine and thyroxine

36
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by parafollicular cells, decrease plasma calcium concentration by promoting calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreasing calcium absorption in the gut, and promoting calcium storage in the bone, peptide hormone

37
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Release parathyroid hormone, four small structures on the surface of thyroid

38
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

PTH - increases blood calcium concentration, decreases excretion of calcium by the kidneys and increases bone reabsorption directly to increase blood calcium concentration, activates vitamin D which is necessary for calcium and phosphate absorption in the gut, peptide hormone

39
Q

PTH and vitamin D

A

PTH promotes reabsorption of phosphate from bone in reduces reabsorption from phosphate in the kidney, but vitamin D promotes absorption of phosphate from the gut, these two affects on phosphate concentration somewhat cancel each other out

40
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Produces three classes of steroid hormones

41
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Increase blood glucose concentration, reduce proteins synthesis, inhibit the immune system, and participate in the stress response, release is stimulated by ACTH age, examples include cortisol and cortisone, steroid hormones

42
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thus increasing water absorption, one example is aldosterone, steroid hormones

43
Q

Aldosterone

A

Promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thus increasing water reabsorption, also increases potassium and hydrogen ion excretion, activity regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, not ACTH, steroid hormone

44
Q

Cortical sex hormones

A

Include androgens and estrogens in both males and females

45
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Derived from the nervous system and secretes catecholamines into the bloodstream

46
Q

Catecholamines

A

Include epinephrine and norepinephrine, involved in the fight or flight response, promote glycogenolysis, increase the basal metabolic rate, increase heart rate, dilate the bronchi, and alter blood flow, amino acid derivate hormones

47
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis such as glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin

48
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced by alpha cells and raises blood glucose levels by stimulating proteins and fat degradation, glucogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, peptide hormone

49
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by beta cells and lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and promoting anabolic processes like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis, peptide hormone

50
Q

Somatostatin

A

Produced by Delta cells and inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion, peptide hormone, stimulated by high blood glucose and amino acid concentration

51
Q

Gonads - testes/ovaries

A

Produce hormones that are involved in the development and maintenance of the reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics

52
Q

Testes hormones

A

Secrete testosterone, steroid hormones

53
Q

Ovaries hormones

A

Secrete estrogen (development and maintenance of reproductive system and secondary sex char) and progesterone (endometrium maintenance), steroid hormones

54
Q

Pineal gland

A

Releases melatonin

55
Q

Melatonin

A

Helps to regulate the circadian rhythm, peptide hormone

56
Q

Stomach and intestine hormones

A

Secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin, peptide hormones

57
Q

Kidneys hormones

A

Secrete erythropoietin

58
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes in response to low oxygen levels in the blood, peptide hormone

59
Q

Atria of the heart hormones

A

Secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

60
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

ANP - promotes excretion of salt and water in the kidneys in response to stretching of the atria (high blood volume), peptide hormone

61
Q

Thymus hormones

A

Secretes thymosin

62
Q

Thymosin

A

Important for proper T-cell development and differentiation, peptide hormone

63
Q

Glands

A

Organs that secrete hormones

64
Q

Dimerization

A

Common conformational change, the pairing of two receptor-hormone complexes

65
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

A blood vessel that directly connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

66
Q

Axes

A

Three organ systems

67
Q

Gigantism

A

Excess of GH during childhood before epiphyseal (growth) plates close

68
Q

Dwarfism

A

Lack of GH during childhood before epiphyseal (growth) plates close

69
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excess of GH in adulthood after epiphyseal (growth) plates close, long bones are sealed so primarily the feet, hands, and head grows

70
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid hormones secreted in insufficient amounts, lethargy, decreased body temp, slowed respiratory and heart rate, cold intolerance, and weight gain symptoms

71
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excess of thyroid hormones, could result in tumor or thyroid overstimulation

72
Q

Adrenal glands

A

On top of kidney, broken into adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

73
Q

Renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system

A

Decreased blood pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney to secrete renin which cleaves an inactive plasma proteins, angiotensinogen, to its active form angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II with angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs, angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

74
Q

Exocrine tissues

A

Secrete substances directly into ducts such as digestive enzymes

75
Q

Islet of Langerhans

A

Small clusters of hormone producing cells throughout the pancreas, contains alpha, beta, and delta cells

76
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose concentration, can be caused by an excess in insulin

77
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

The result of underproduction, insufficient secretion, or insensitivity to insulin, clinically characterized by hyperglycemia

78
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Excess glucose in the blood

79
Q

Polyuria

A

Increased frequency of urination, common in diabetics

80
Q

Polydipsia

A

Increased thirst, common in diabetics

81
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Insulin-dependent, caused by autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in lower or absent insulin production, requires injections of insulin to prevent hyperglycemia and permit uptake of glucose into cells

82
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Non-insulin-dependent, the result of receptor level resistance to the effects of insulin, partially inherited and partially due to environmental factors such as diet, certain pharmaceutical agents can be taken orally to help the body more effectively use up the insulin it produces

MCAT (67 decks)

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