Organic Chemistry Ch 1. Nomenclature

Question 1

IUPAC naming steps

Answer 1

1) Find the longest carbon chain in the compound that contains the highest priority functional group, this is called the parents chain
2) Number the chain in such a way that the highest priory functional group group receives the lowest possible number, this group will determine the suffix of the molecules
3) Name the substituents with a prefix, multiple substituents of a single type receive another prefix denoting how many are present (di, tri, tetra and so on)
4) Assign a number to each of the substituents depending on the carbon to which it is bonded
5) Complete the name by alphabetizing the substituents and separating number from each other by commas and from works by hyphens

Question 2

Alkanes

Answer 2

Hydrocarbons without any double or triple bonds, have the general formula C(n)H(2n+2), named according to the number of carbons present followed by suffix -ane

Question 3

Alkenes

Answer 3

Contain a double bond, named by substituting -ene for the suffix and numbering the double bond by its lower-numbered carbon

Question 4

Alkyne

Answer 4

Contains a triple bond, named by substituting -yne for the suffix and numbering the double bond by its lower-numbered carbon

Question 5

Alcohol

Answer 5

Contain a hydroxyl group (OH) group, which substitutes for one or more of the hydrogens in the hydrocarbon chain, named by substituting the suffix -ol or by using the prefix hydroxy- if a higher priority group is present, have higher priority than double or triple bonds

Question 6

Diols

Answer 6

Contain two hydroxyl groups

Question 7

Germinal

Answer 7

Diol that has the two hydroxyl groups on the same carbon

Question 8

Vicinal

Answer 8

Diol that has the two hydroxyl groups but on adjacent carbons

Question 9

Carbonyl group

Answer 9

A carbon doubled bonded to an oxygen

Question 10

Aldehydes

Answer 10

Have a carbonyl group on a terminal carbon that is also attached to a hydrogen atom, named with the suffix -al or by using the prefix oxo- if a higher priority group is present

Question 11

Ketons

Answer 11

Have a carbonyl group on a non terminal carbon, named with the suffix -one and share the prefix oxo- if a higher priority group is present, can also be indicated by the prefix keto-

Question 12

Alpha carbon

Answer 12

Carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon

Question 13

Carboxylic acids

Answer 13

The highest priority functional group because they contain three bonds to oxygen: One from a hydroxyl group and two from a carbonyl group, always terminal, named with the suffix -oic acid, rarely named with prefix

Question 14

Carboxylic acid derivatives

Answer 14

May occur within a molecule, includes esters, amides, and anhydrides

Question 15

Esters

Answer 15

Carboxylic acid derivative where -OH is replaced with -OR, an alkoxy group, use the suffix -oate and the prefix alkoxycarbonyl-

Question 16

Amides

Answer 16

Replace the hydroxyl group of the carboxylic acid with an amino group that may or may not be substituted, use the suffix -amide or the prefix carbamoyl- or amido-, substituents attached to the amide nitrogen are designated with a capital N -

Question 17

Anhydrides

Answer 17

Formed from two carboxylic acids by dehydration, they may e symmetric (two of the same acid) or asymmetric (two different acids) or cyclic (intramolecular reaction of a dicarboxylic acid), named using the suffix anhydride in place of acid, if the anhydride is formed from more than one carboxylic acid, both are named in alphabetical order in the name before the word anhydride

Question 18

Functional group priority

Answer 18

Carboxylic acids>anhydride>ester>amide>aldehyde>ketone>alcohol>aklene or alkyne> alkane