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MCAT > Biology Ch 6. The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Biology Ch 6. The Respiratory System Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Breathing in path

A

Air is drawn in through the nares, then the nasal cavity and pharynx, where it is warmed and humidified, then it is filtered by vibrissae and mucous membranes, then it enters the larynx, then trachea, the trachea divides into the two mainstream bronchi, which divide into bronchioles, which divide until they reach the alveoli

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2
Q

Nares

A

External feature on the nose where air is breathed in through

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3
Q

Pharynx

A

Resides behind the nasal cavity at the back of the mouth, common pathway for both air and food

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4
Q

Vibrissae

A

Nasal hairs used for filtration

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5
Q

Larynx

A

Lies below the pharynx, air pathway only, opening is the glottis, covered by the epiglottis during swallowing

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6
Q

Trachea

A

Cartilaginous structure that divides into bronchi, contains ciliated epithelial cells for further filtration

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7
Q

Bronchi

A

The two major divisions of the trachea, contains ciliated epithelial cells for further filtration

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8
Q

Bronchioles

A

Further division of bronchi, within the lungs

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9
Q

Alveoli

A

Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane, coated with surfactant, branching and size of alveoli allows for exchange surface area of 100m^2

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10
Q

Surfactant

A

In the alveoli, a deterrent that reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse

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11
Q

Pleura

A

Covers the lungs and lines the chest wall, includes the visceral pleura, parietal pleura, and the intrapleural space between them

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12
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Lies adjacent to the lung itself

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13
Q

Pariental pleura

A

Lines the chest wall

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14
Q

Intrapleural space

A

Lies between these two layers and contains a thin layer of fluid that lubricates the two pleural surfaces

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15
Q

Diaphragm

A

A thin skeletal muscle that helps to create the pressure differential required for breathing, divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, under somatic control

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16
Q

Inhalation

A

An active process, diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, this increases the volume of the intrapleural space, decreasing intrapleural pressure, this pressure difference expands the lungs, drops the pressure from within, and draws air in from the environment, mechanism termed negative-pressure breathing

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17
Q

Exhalation

A

Can be passive or active

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18
Q

Passive exhalation

A

Relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic reveal of the lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen in inhalation

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19
Q

Active exhalation

A

The internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcible decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air

20
Q

Spirometer

A

Can be used to measure lung capacities and volumes

21
Q

Total lung capacity

A

TLC - maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

22
Q

Residual volume

A

RV - volume of the air remaining in the lungs when one exhales compeltely

23
Q

Vital capacity

A

VC - the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

24
Q

Tidal volume

A

TV - the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

25
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

ERV - the volume of additional air that can be forcible exhaled after a normal exhalation

26
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

IRV - the volume of addition air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

27
Q

Ventilation center

A

A collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulates ventilation, uses chemoreceptors for CO2, increases respiratory rate if low blood oxygen concentration, can be consciously controlled through the cerebrum, although the medulla oblongata will override during extended periods of hypo- or hyper- ventilation

28
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detect carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations, increasing the respiratory rate when there’s a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercarbia or hypercapnia) or low oxygen (hypoxemia)

29
Q

Hypercarbia/hypercapnia

A

High carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

30
Q

Lung gas exchange

A

Occurs via simple diffusion across concentration gradients due to differences in partial pressure of oxygen, deoxygenated blood with a high carbon dioxide concentration is brought to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries, and oxygenated blood to the low carbon dioxide concentration leaves the lungs to be the pulmonary veins

31
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs

32
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Bring oxygenated blood away from the lungs

33
Q

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

A

Alters the capillary beds to assist in thermoregulation, constriction conserves more energy, dilation causes more energy to be dissipated

34
Q

Respiratory system filters

A

Vibrissae, mucous membranes, mucociliary escalator, help filter the incoming air and trap particulate matter

35
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

The mechanism where cilia lining the internal airways propel mucus with trapped particulate matter up the respiratory tract to the oral cavity where it can be expelled or swallowed

36
Q

Lysozyme respiratory system

A

Type of enzyme present within the nasal cavity (also in tears and saliva), attacks peptidoglycan cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

37
Q

Macrophages respiratory system

A

Can engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

38
Q

Mucosal surfaces respiratory system

A

Covered in IgA antibodies

39
Q

Mast cells respiratory system

A

Have antibodies on their surface that when triggers can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals, often involved in allergic reactions also

40
Q

Respiratory system and pH controls

A

When blood pH decreases, respiratory rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide, this causes a left shift in the buffer equation reducing hydrogen ion concentration

When blood pH increases, respiratory rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide, this causes a right shift in the buffer equation increasing hydrogen ion concentration

41
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

One of the layers of muscles between the ribs, helps expend the thoracic cavity along with the diaphragm

42
Q

Intrathoracic volume

A

The volume of the chest cavity

43
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

Can speed up the exhalation process during active processes by actively decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity

44
Q

Hypoexemia

A

Low oxygen concentration in the blood, detected by chemoreceptors

45
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system equation

A

CO2(g) + H2) (l) = H2CO3 (aq) = H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq)

46
Q

Acidemia

A

Blood too acidic, pH lower, hydrogen ion concentration higher

47
Q

Alkalemia

A

Blood too basic, pH higher, hydrogen ion concentration lower

MCAT (67 decks)

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