Behavioral Sciences Ch 7. Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Biomedical approach
The biomedical approach to psychological disorders takes into account only the physical and medical causes of a psychological disorder, thus the treatments to this approach are biomedical in nature
Biopsychosocial approach
Considers the relative contributions of biological, psychological, and social components to an individuals disorder, treatments also fall into these three ares
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Used to diagnose psychological disorders, its current version is DSM-5, it categorizes mental disorders based on symptom patterns
Schizophrenia
Prototypical disorder with psychosis as a feature, contains positive and negative symptoms
Positive symptoms
Add something to behavior, cognition, or affect and include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speed, and disorganized behavior
Negative symptoms
The loss of something from behavior, cognition, or affect and include disturbance of affect and avolition
Depressive disorders
Include major depressive disorder and seasonal affective disorder
Major depressive disorder
Contains at least one major depression episode
Persistent depressive disorder
Dysthymia for at least two years that does not meet criteria for major depressive disorder
Dysthymia
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Seasonal affective disorder
Colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset, with depression occurring during winter months
Bipolar and related disorder
Have manic or hypomanic episodes
Bipolar I disorder
Contains at least one manic episode
Bipolar II disorder
Contains at least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
Cyclothymic disorder
Contains hypomanic episodes with dysthymia
Anxiety disorders
Include anxiety disorder, specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months
Specific phobias
Irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Social anxiety disorder
Anxiety due to social or performance situations
Agoraphobia
Fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape
Panic disorder
Marked by recurrent panic attacks: intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic nervous systems activity with no clear stimulus, it may lead to agoraphobia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Characterized by obsessions and compulsions
Obsessions
Persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses
Compulsions
Repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in a persons life
Body dysmorphic disorder
Characterized by an unrealistic negative evaluation of ones appearance or a specific body part, the individual often takes extreme measures to correct the perceived imperfection
Posttraumatic stress disorder
PTSD - characterized by intrusion symptoms (reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmares), avoidance symptoms (avoidance of people, places, objects associated with trauma), negative cognitive symptoms (amnesia, negative mood and emotions) and arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety)
Dissociative disorders
Include dissociative amnesia, dissociative identity disorder, and depersonalization/derealization disorder
Dissociative amnesia
An inability to recall past experience without an underlying neurological disorder, severe forms may involve dissociative fugue
Dissociative fugue
A sudden change in location that may involve the assumption of a new identity
Dissociative identity disorder
The occurrence of two or more personalities that take control of a persons behavior
Depersonalization/derealization disorder
Involves feelings of detachment from the mind and body or from the environment
Somatic symptoms and related disorders
Involves significant bodily symptoms
Somatic symptom disorder
Involves at least one somatic symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern
Illness anxiety disorder
Preoccuptation with thoughts about having or coming down with a serious medical condition
Conversion disorder
Involves unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function and is associated with prior trauma
Personality disorders (PD)
Patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control, occur in three clusters
Cluster A
Odd or eccentric personality disorders, includes paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid PDs
Cluster B
Dramatic, emotional, erratic personality disorders, includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PDs
Cluster C
Anxious and fearful personality disorders, includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive compulsive PDs
Paranoid PD
Involves a pervasive disrust and suspicion of others
Schizotypal PD
Involves ideas of reference, magical thinking, and eccentricity
Schizoid PD
Involves detachment from social relationships and limited emotion
Antisocial PD
Involves a disregard for the rights of others
Borderline PD
Involves instability in relationships, mood, and self image, splitting and recurrent suicide attempts are characteristic
Splitting
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Histrionic PD
Involves constant attention-seeking behavior
Narcissistic PD
Involves a grandiose sense of self-importance and need for admiration
Avoidant PD
Involves extreme shyness and fear of rejection
Obsessive compulsive PD
Involves perfectionism, inflexibility, and preoccupation with rules
Biological basis schizophrenia
May be associated with genetic factors, birth trauma, adolescent marijuana use, and family history, high levels of dopaminergic transmission
Biological basis depression
Accompanied by high levels of glucocorticoids and low levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
Biological bipolar disorders
Accompanied by high levels or norepinephrine and serotonin, also highly heritable
Alzheimers disease
Associated with genetic factors, brain atrophy, decreases in acetylcholine, senile plaques of beta-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Parkinsons disease
Associated with Brady kinesis, resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, mask like facies, cogwheel rigidity, and a shuffling gait, decreases production of dopamine in cells in the substantial nigra
