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MCAT > Biology Ch 3. Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Biology Ch 3. Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Fertilization

A

The joining of a sperm and a secondary oocyte where a sperm uses acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the corona radiate and zone pellucida, once the sperm contacts an oocytes plasma membrane, it establishes the acrosomal apparatus and injects its pronucleus

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2
Q

Ampulla

A

Widest part of the Fallopian tube where fertilization occurs

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3
Q

Cortical reaction

A

When the first sperm penetrates an ovum it causes a release of calcium ions to prevent additional sperm for fertilizing the egg, it also increases the metabolic rate of the resulting diploid zygote

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4
Q

Acrosomal apparatus

A

Tubelike structure which extends from the sperm and penetrates the oocyte’s cell membrane

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5
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell created after fertilization, unicellular, besoms embryo after first cleavage

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6
Q

Fraternal twins

A

Dizyogitc - result from the fertilization of two eggs by two different sperm, each own zygote and placenta, chorion, and amnion, no more genetically similar than any other sibling

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7
Q

Identical twins

A

Monozygotic - result from the splitting of a zygote in two, can be classified by the placental structure they share (mono vs diamniotic and mono vs dichorionic)

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8
Q

Cleavage

A

Early divisions of cells in the embryo, result in a larger number of smaller cells as the overall volume does not change, occurs while zygote moves to the uterus for implantation, larger nuclear to cytoplasm ratio and larger SA to vol ratio (good for gas and nutrient exchange)

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9
Q

Embryo

A

The zygote becomes an embryo after the first cleavage because it is no longer unicellular, becomes morula after multiple more divisions

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10
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

Results in cells that are capable of becoming any cell in the organism

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11
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

Results in cells that are committed to differentiating into a specific cell type

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12
Q

Morula

A

Solid mass of cells seen in early development

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13
Q

Blastula

A

aka blastocyst in mammals - has a blastocoel center and two different structures: the trophoblast and the inner cell mass

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14
Q

Blastocoel

A

Fluid filled center of a blastula

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15
Q

Trophoblast

A

Part of a blastula that surrounds the blastocoel, becomes the placental structure/chorion, create interface between the maternal blood supply and developing embryo

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16
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Part of a blastula that protrudes into the blastocoel, becomes the developing organism

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17
Q

Placenta

A

Forms when the blastula implants in the endometrial lining, where nutrient, gas, and waste exchange occurs, serves as immure protection against many pathogen, allows for antibodies to be passed from mother to child, serves endocrine functions such as secreting estrogen, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin

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18
Q

Chorion

A

An extra embryonic membrane that develops into the placenta, contains chorionic cilli

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19
Q

Chorionic villi

A

Microscopic fingerlike projections that penetrate the endometrium and create the interface between maternal and fetal blood, develop into placenta

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20
Q

Yolk sac

A

Supports the embryo before the placenta is established, site of early blood cell development

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21
Q

Allantois

A

Early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac

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22
Q

Amnion

A

Thin, tough membrane that surrounds the allantois and is filled with amniotic fluid, outer membrane is the chorion

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23
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Connects the developing organism to the placenta, consists of two arteries and one vein encased in a gelatinous substance, formed from remnants of the yolk sac and allantois

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24
Q

Gastrulation

A

Process where the archenteron is formed with a blastopore at the end, the archenteron grows through the blastocoel and contacts the opposite side, which establishes three primary germ layers

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25
Q

Archenteron

A

When the membrane invaginates into the blastocoel, develops into the gut

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26
Q

Blastopore

A

The opening of the blastopore, develops into anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes

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27
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost layer of the gastrula, becomes the epidermis, hair, nails, and the epithelia of the nose, mouth, anal canal, the nervous system, and the lens of the eye

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28
Q

Mesoderm

A

Becomes much of the musculoskeletal, circulatory, and excretory systems, gives rise to gonads and muscular and connective tissue layers of he digestive and respiratory systems, also the adrenal cortex

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29
Q

Endoderm

A

Becomes much of the epithelial linings of the respiratory and digestive tracts, also parts of the pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts

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30
Q

Neurulation

A

Development of the nervous system, begins after formation of the three germ layers

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31
Q

Notochord

A

A rod of mesodermal cells that forms along the long axis of the organism like a primitive spin and induces a group of overlying ectodermal cells to form neural folds surrounding a neural groove

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32
Q

Neural folds

A

Formed by ectodermal cells overlying the notochord, grow towards each other until they fuse into neural tube, the tip of each fold contains neural crest cells

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33
Q

Neural tube

A

Formed by the fusing of the neural folds, becomes the central nervous system

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34
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Present at the tip of each neural fold, becomes the peripheral nervous system and other specific cell types

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35
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that interfere with development, causing defects or even death of the developing embryo, include alcohol, drugs, viruses, bacteria, and environmental chemicals

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36
Q

Diabetes in maternal development

A

Increased fetal size and hypoglycemia after birth

37
Q

Folic acid deficiency in maternal development

A

Neural tube defects

38
Q

Determination

A

Commitment to a specific cell lineage, which may be accomplished by uneven segregation of cellular material during mitosis or with morphogens, follows specification, irreversible commitment

39
Q

Morphogens

A

Molecules that promote neighboring cells to develop down a specific cell line, cell must have competency to respond

40
Q

Competency

A

Cell must have it to respond to morphogen

41
Q

Differentiation

A

The changes a cell undergoes due to selective transcription to take on characteristics appropriate to its cell line

42
Q

Selective transcription

A

Only the genes needed for that particular cell type are transcribed

43
Q

Stem cells

A

Capable of developing into various cell types, classified by potency

44
Q

Stem cell potency classifications

A

Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent

45
Q

Totipotent cells

A

Stem cells that are able to differential into all cell types, including the three germ layers and placental structures, embryonic stem cells are totipotent

46
Q

Pluripotent cells

A

Stem cells that are able to differentiate into all three germ layers and their derivatives, present after cells differentiate into three germ layers

47
Q

Multipotent cells

A

Stem cells that are able to differentiate only into a specific subset of cell types

48
Q

Inducer

A

Chemical substances that release factors to promote differentiation of a competent responder, diffuse from organizing cells to responsive cells, may also be the cell secreting the signal, often growth factors

49
Q

Responder

A

Cell that is induced or influenced by inducers

50
Q

Autocrine signals

A

Act on the same cell that released the signal

51
Q

Paracrine signals

A

Act on local cells

52
Q

Juxtacine signals

A

Act through direct stimulation of adjacent cells

53
Q

Endocrine signals

A

Act on distant tissues after traveling through the blood stream

54
Q

Growth factors

A

Peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in certain tissues, usually only function on specific cell types

55
Q

Reciprocal induction

A

When two tissues both induce further differentiation on each other

56
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death via the division of the cell into many apoptotic blebs that can subsequently be absorbed and digested by other cells for recycling of materials, prevents release of harmful substances into extracellular environment, can be used be sculpting certain anatomical structures such as removing the webbing between digits

57
Q

Regenerative capacity

A

The ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body

58
Q

Senescence

A

Biological aging, the result of multiple molecular and metabolic processes such as the shortening of telomeres during cell division

59
Q

Placenta exchange

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exachanged because of concentration gradients

60
Q

Fetal hemoglobin

A

HbF - higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, assists in the transfer and retention of oxygen into the fetal circulatory system

61
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

62
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the placenta back to the fetus

63
Q

Fetal circulatory shunts

A

Necessary because fetus lungs and liver underdeveloped and sensitive to high blood pressures so these shunts are created to actively direct blood away from them, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus

64
Q

Foramen ovale

A

One way valve, connects the right atrium to the left atrium, bypasses the lungs, pressure difference in birth causes this shunt to be shut

65
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta, bypasses the lungs

66
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypasses the liver

67
Q

First trimester growth

A

Organogenesis occurs, bones harden, embryo becomes fetus

68
Q

Organogenesis

A

Development of the heart, eyes, gonads, limbs, liver, and brain

69
Q

Second trimester growth

A

Tremendous growth occurs, movement begins, face becomes distinctly human, digits elongate

70
Q

Third trimester growth

A

Rapid growth and brain development continue, transfer of antibodies to the fetus, near the end, growth rate slows and the fetus becomes less active as their is less room

71
Q

Birth

A

Cervix thins out and the amniotic sac ruptures, uterine contractions occur with the help of prostaglandins and oxytocin, birth of fetus occurs followed by the placenta and umbilical cord being expelled (afterbirth)

72
Q

Protaglandins and oxytocin

A

Cause uterine contractions which result in birth of fetus

73
Q

Conjoined twins

A

Division of identical or monozygotic twins is not complete

74
Q

Blastulation

A

Forms a blastula from the morula

75
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Carries freshly oxygenated blood rich with nutrients from the placenta to the embryo

76
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood and waste to the placenta from the embryo

77
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Shock absorber during pregnancy

78
Q

Deuterostomes

A

-

79
Q

Protostomes

A

-

80
Q

Primary germ layers

A

Form after membrane invagination and when some cells migrate into the remains of the blastocoel, the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are formed

81
Q

Induction

A

When one group of cells influences the fate of nearby cells, mediated by inducers

82
Q

Specification

A

Initial stage of cell specialization in which the cell is reversibly designated as a specific cell type, followed by determination

83
Q

Apoptotic blebs

A

Self-contained protrusions that a cell divides into during apoptosis

84
Q

Apoptotic bodies

A

Apoptotic blebs that are broken up and can be digested by other cells to recycle materials

85
Q

Necrosis

A

Process of cell death in which a cell dies as a result of injury, internal substances can be laded causing irritation of nearby tissues or immune response

86
Q

Complete regeneration

A

Lost of damaged tissues are replaced with identical tissues

87
Q

Incomplete regeneration

A

Newly formed tissue is not identical in structure or function to the tissue that has been injured or lost

88
Q

Shunt

A

Hole or passage that moves fluid from one part of the body to another

89
Q

Parturition

A

Vaginal childbirth

MCAT (67 decks)

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