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MCAT > Biology Ch 7. The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Biology Ch 7. The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

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2
Q

Heart

A

Composed of cardiac muscles and supports both the pulmonary and systemic circulation, four chambers, both sides have an atrium and a ventricle, left side has more muscle than right because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure

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3
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Circulation system from the right ventricle to the lungs and then back to the left atrium

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4
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Circulation system throughout the body from the left ventricle and finally back to the right atrium

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5
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Separate the atria from the ventricles, tricuspid (three leaflets) on the right and mitral (bicuspid, two leaflets) on the left

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6
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Separate the ventricles from the vasculature, pulmonary on the right and aortic on the left, allow the heart to create the pressure within the ventricles necessary to propel blood forward within the circulation while also preventing back flow, both three leaflets

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7
Q

Blood pathway

A

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava, right atrium

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8
Q

Electrical conduction of the heart

A

SA node, AV node, Bundles of His, Purkinje fibers

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9
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

SA node - where electrical conduction of the heart starts, generates 60-100 signals per minute without requiring any neurological input, small collection of cells located in the wall of the right atrium, causes two atria to contract simultaneously

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10
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

AV node - sits at the junction of the atria and the ventricles, signal delayed here so that the ventricles can fill completely before they contract

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11
Q

Bundles of His

A

Has branches embedded in the inter ventricular septum (wall)

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12
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

Distribute the electrical signal through the ventricular muscle

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13
Q

Systole

A

Results in an increase in atrial pressure that forces a little more blood into the ventricles then the AV valves are closed

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14
Q

Diastole

A

Period where the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed

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15
Q

Cardiac output

A

Product of heart rate x stroke volume, about 5 liters per minute for humans

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16
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system cardiac output

A

Sympathetic NS increased the heart rate and contractility, parasympathetic NS decreases heart rate

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17
Q

Vasculature

A

Consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries

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18
Q

Arteries

A

Thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality (high resistance to blood flow), allows for recoil and helps to propel blood forward within the system, blood travels away from the heart, largest is aorta , branch into arterioles, much more smooth muscle than veins, most oxygenated except pulmonary and umbilical

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19
Q

Arterioles

A

Small muscular arteries which control flow into capillary beds

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20
Q

Capillaries

A

Have walls that are one endothelial cell thick, very narrow and red blood cells must travel through them single file, site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange, interface for communication of the circulatory system and tissues, delicate and when damaged, blood can enter interstitial space and result in bruise

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21
Q

Veins

A

Inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart, they are able to stretch in order to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil capability, are compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles and have valves to maintains one way flow, carry deoxygenated blood other than pulmonary veins and umbilical vein

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22
Q

Venules

A

Form from joined capillaries, join into veins

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23
Q

Portal system

A

A system in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series, not typical because usually blood only passes through one

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24
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

Blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein

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25
Q

Hypophyseal portal system

A

Blood travels from the capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary

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26
Q

Renal portal system

A

Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vas recta through an efferent arteriole

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27
Q

Atria

A

Thin walled structures where blood is received from either the venae cavae

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28
Q

Ventricles

A

Send blood to lungs and the systemic circulation, more muscular than the atria

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29
Q

Atrial kick

A

Additional blood forced into the ventricles during atrial systole, accounts for only 5-30% of cardiac output because most ventricular filling is passive

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30
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Wall where bundle of His are embedded

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31
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Connects muscle cells, contain many gap junctions directly connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allows for coordinated ventricular contraction

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32
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Nerve through which parasympathetic signals travel to the heart slowing down the heart rate

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33
Q

Blood vessel endothelial cells

A

Endothelial cells lines all blood vessels, helps to maintain the vessel by releasing chemicals that aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction, allow white blood cells to pass through the vessel wall and into the tissues during an inflammatory response, also release chemicals when damaged that are involved in the formation of blood clots to repair the vessel and stop bleeding

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34
Q

Venae cavae

A

Returns blood to right atrium of heart, divided into superior and inferior vena cava

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35
Q

Blood

A

Composed of cells and plasma

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36
Q

Erythrocyotes

A

aka red blood cells, lack mitochondria, a nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin, have biconcave shape to increase SA and for easier travel through capillaries, do not consume oxygen, get ATP via glycolysis, unable to divide

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37
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A protein that carries 4 oxygens, on erythrocytes

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38
Q

Hematocrit

A

The percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes

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39
Q

Leukocytes

A

aka white blood cells, are formed in the bone marrow, crucial part of the immune system, divided into granular and agranulocytes

40
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Contain cytoplasmic granules which contain a variety of compounds that are toxic to invading microbes, includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, play a role in nonspecific immunity especially inflammatory reactions, allergies, pus formation, and destruction of bacteria and parasites

41
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Includes lymphocytes and monocytes, plays a role in immunity

42
Q

Thrombocytes

A

aka platlets, cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation

43
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

Type of cell in bone marrow that creates thrombocytes

44
Q

Blood ABO antigens

A

Surface antigens A, B, and O, IA and IB alleles are codominant while the I allele is recessive, an individual has antibodies for any AB alleles they dont have

45
Q

Plasma

A

An aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

46
Q

Blood cells

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, all formed from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

47
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Play a large role in specific immunity, includes B and T cells

48
Q

Specific immune response

A

The body’s targeted fight against particular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria

49
Q

B cells

A

Mature in the bone marrow, responsible for antibody generation

50
Q

T cells

A

Mature in the thymus, kill virally infected cells and activate other immune cells

51
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria, renamed as macrophages once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ

52
Q

Macrophages

A

Monocytes that have entered an organ from the bloodstream, called microglia in the CNS, Langerhans cells in the skin, and osteoclasts in the bone

53
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

The production of blood cells and platelets, triggered by a number of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines

54
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Secreted by the kidney and stimulates mainly erythrocyte development

55
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Secreted by the liver and kidney and stimulates mainly platelet development

56
Q

Rh factor

A

Also surface protein on red blood cells, the positive Rh factor is dominant and a negative individuals will only create anti Rh antibodies after exposure to Rh positive blood, makes for complications such as erythroblastosis fetalis during childbirth

57
Q

Antigens

A

Surface proteins expressed by red blood cells, any specific target to which the immune system can react

58
Q

Universal donors

A

People with type O blood because their blood will not cause an ABO related hemolysis in any recipient, they express neither antigen variant

59
Q

Universal recipients

A

People with type AB blood because they can receive blood from all blood types

60
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Condition where Rh- maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and attack fetal blood cells, can be lethal, medication can treat, not a problem for first child because mom does make anti-Rh antibodies until exposed to Rh+ the first time, bigger issue that ABO because anti-Rh IgG antibodies can cross placenta while AB IgM antibodies cannot

61
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood, divided into systolic and diastolic components, must be high enough to overcome the resistance created by arterials and capillaries, but low enough to avoid damaging the vasculature and surrounding structures, measured by sphygmomanometer, maintained by baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes

62
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Can measure blood pressure, measures gauge pressure

63
Q

Low blood pressure

A

Promotes aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) release

64
Q

High blood pressure

A

Promotes atrial natriuretic peptide release

65
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

ADH - aka vasopressin, released because of low blood pressure or high blood osmolarity, peptide hormone made in hypothalamus but stored in posterior pituitary, causes increased reabsorption of water

66
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

ANP - hormone released by special atrial cells in response to high blood pressure, aids in the loss of salt within the nephron, weak natural diuretic

67
Q

Starling forces

A

Consist of the balancing between hydrostatic and osmotic pressures, essential to maintain the proper fluid volumes and solute concentrations inside and outside the vasculature

68
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure of the fluid within the blood vessel, generated by the contraction of the heart and the elasticity of the arteries, forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed (forces water out of circulation)

69
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The “sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes

70
Q

Onconic pressure

A

Osmotic pressure due to proteins, draws fluid back in at the venule end of capillary beds

71
Q

Cooperative binding

A

Form of allosteric regulation, type of binding by which hemoglobin carries oxygen, each successive oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity of the other subunits, while each successive oxygen released decreases the affinity of the other subunits

72
Q

Oxygen hemoglobin binding

A

Cooperative binding, in the lungs, high partial pressure of oxygen resulting in the loading of oxygen onto hemoglobin, in the tissues, low partial pressure of oxygen resulting in unloading, much occur because oxygen not soluble

73
Q

Carbon dioxide blood stream

A

Carried in the form of carbonic acid or bicarbonate and hydrogen ions because carbon dioxide non polar and not particularly soluble, carbon dioxide catalyzed into carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase, bicarbonate buffer

74
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

S-shaped curve that is a result of cooperative binding, reflects affinity for oxygen, a high air partial pressure of CO2, high H+ concentration, low pH, high temp, and high concentration of 2,3 BPG will cause a right shift in the curve, reflecting a decreased affinity for oxygen, left shift in curve for fetal hemoglobin

75
Q

Coagulation cascade

A

Results from an activation cascade when the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged and collagen and tissue factor are exposed, ultimately results in the formation of a clot over the damaged area

76
Q

Tissue factor

A

Protein that becomes exposed during blood vessel damage and are detected by coagulation factors to trigger coagulation cascade

77
Q

Fibrin

A

Stabilize platelets that bind to the collagen during coagulation cascade, activated by thrombin, forms small fibers that aggregate and cross link into a woven net structure, captures red blood cells and platelets, forms stable clot over area of damage

78
Q

Thrombin

A

Coverts fibrinogen to fibrin, formed because of the activation of prothrombin by thromboplastin

79
Q

Plasmin

A

Breaks down clots, generated by plasminogen

80
Q

Pressure differential across circulation

A

Cardiac output x total peripheral (vascular) resistance

81
Q

Blood pressure baroreceptors

A

In walls of vasculature, can stimulate sympathetic nervous system to vasoconstrict, increasing blood pressure

82
Q

Blood pressure chemoreceptors

A

Can sense osmolarity of the blood, promote release of aldosterone, ADH, or ANP

83
Q

Aldosterone

A

Increases the reabsorption of sodium, and by extension water, thereby increasing the blood volume and pressure

84
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A protein composed of four cooperative heme subunits that each bind to an oxygen molecule, conformational change from taut to relaxed occurs with first binding of oxygen and changes back after first oxygen leaves

85
Q

Oxygen saturation

A

the percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen, normal above 97%

86
Q

Bohr effect

A

Decreased affinity for oxygen that occurs because decreased pH, which decreases affinity (a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin curve)

87
Q

Decreased oxyhemoglobin affinity

A

Allows for more oxygen to be unloaded at the tissues

88
Q

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

A

Has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, shifts oxyhemoglobin curve to the left

89
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial

90
Q

Lymph

A

Lymphatic fluid, returned to the central circulatory system by the thoracic duct, blockage of nodes can result in edema

91
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Channel that returns lymph to the central circulatory system

92
Q

Clot

A

Composed of both coagulation factors and platelets, prevent (or minimize) blood loss

93
Q

Coagulation factors

A

Most secreted by the liver, sense tissue factor and initiate coagulation cascade

94
Q

Plasminogen

A

Generates plasmin

95
Q

Prothrombin

A

Forms thrombin by thromboplastin

96
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Converted to fibrin by thrombin during coagulation cascade

MCAT (67 decks)

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