Biochem REVIEW Flashcards
GLUT 2
Present in hepatocytes and pancreatic cells
GLUT 4
Present in adipose tissue and muscle
Glycolysis and intermediates
- Glucose
* Hexokinase - Glucose 6P
* Isomerase - Fructose 6P
* PFK-1 - Fructose 1,6-bisP
* aldolase - Glyceraldehyde 3P and DihydroxyacetoneP (converts to glyceraldehyde 3P with isomerase)
* Glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase - 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
* Phosphoglycerate kinase - 3Phosphoglycerate
* Mutase - 2 Phosphoglycerate
* Enolase - Phosphoenolpyruvate
* Pyruvate kinase - Pyruvate
Which step involves NAD+/NADH in glycolysis?
Glyceraldehyde 3P to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate with the addition of inorganic phosphate and the glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase enzyme
Where does glycolysis take place?
The cytoplasm
Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate and NADH to lactate and NAD+ using lactate dehydrogenase enzyme
Irreversible enzymes in glycolysis
Hexokinase, PFK-1, Pyruvate kinase
Two main outcomes of Acetyl-CoA
CO2+H2O via the citric acid cycle or fatty acids via fatty acid synthesis
What activates glycogen phosphorylase?
Glucagon from the liver, epinephrine from the liver and muscle, and AMP from muscle
What activates glycogen synthase?
Insulin from the liver and muscle
Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis Cycle
Glucose1P to UDP glucose to glycogen back to glucose1P
Linear chain bonds in glycogen
Alpha 1,4
Branched bonds in glycogen
Alpha 1,6
Steps and enzymes that need different enzymes from glycolysis in gluconeogenesis
1) pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate - done with pyruvate carboxylase to oxaloacetate (in mitochondria) then PEP carbyoxykinase to get to phosphoenolpyruvate (in cytoplasm)
2) fructose1,6bisphosphate to fructose 6phosphate - done with fructose 1,6 bisphosphotase
3) glucose6phosphate to glucose - done with glucose 6 phosphotase
What is ribose 5 - phosphate necessary for and how do we get it?
Nucleotide synthesis and pentose phosphate pathway
