Behavioral Sciences Ch 5. Motivation, Emotion, and Stress

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

The purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

Question 2

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

Based on external circumstances

Question 3

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

Based on internal drive or perception

Question 4

Primary factors that influence emotion

Answer 4

Instincts, arousal, drives and needs

Question 5

Instincts

Answer 5

Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to a stimuli

Question 6

Instinct theory

Answer 6

A theory of motivation, people perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 7

Arousal theory

Answer 7

People perform actions to maintain arousal at an optimum level

Question 8

Arousal

Answer 8

The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 9

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 9

Shows that performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal

Question 10

Drives

Answer 10

Internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals

Question 11

Primary drives

Answer 11

Related to body processes

Question 12

Secondary drives

Answer 12

Stem from learning and include accomplishments and emotions

Question 13

Drive reduction theory

Answer 13

Motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

Question 14

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 14

Prioritizes needs into five categories: physiological needs (highest priority), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization (lowest priority)

Question 15

Self-determination theory

Answer 15

Emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness

Question 16

Incentive theory

Answer 16

Explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 17

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 17

States that the amount of motivation for a task is based on the individuals expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Question 18

Opponent process theory

Answer 18

Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effects, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Question 19

Emotion

Answer 19

State of mind or a feeling that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationship

Question 20

Three components of emotion

Answer 20

Cognitive (subjective), behavioral (facial expressions and body language), and physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system)

Question 21

Seven universal emotions

Answer 21

Happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

Question 22

Theories of emotions

Answer 22

James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard theory, Schachter-Singer theory

Question 23

James-Lange theory

Answer 23

Nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotional is labeled

Question 24

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 24

The simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action

Question 25

Schachter-Singer theory

Answer 25

Nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response

Question 26

Limbic system

Answer 26

The primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion, includes the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex

Question 27

Amygdala

Answer 27

Involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expressions and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

Question 28

Thalamus

Answer 28

Sensory processing station

Question 29

Hypothalamus

Answer 29

Releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

Question 30

Hippocampus

Answer 30

Creates long-term explicit (episodic) memories

Question 31

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 31

Involved with planning, expressing personality, and making decisions

Question 32

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 32

Critical for experiencing emotion

Question 33

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 33

Involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making

Question 34

Stress

Answer 34

The physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes

Question 35

Primary appraisal

Answer 35

Classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful

Question 36

Secondary appraisal

Answer 36

Directed at evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat, and challenge

Question 37

Stressor

Answer 37

Anything that leads to a stress response and can include environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals, and biological stressors

Question 38

Psychological stressor examples

Answer 38

Pressure, control, predictability, frustration, and confliect

Question 39

General adaption syndrome

Answer 39

Three stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 40

Stress management aspects

Answer 40

Psychological, behavioral, and spiritual