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MCAT > Biology Ch. 1: The Cell > Flashcards

Biology Ch. 1: The Cell Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Num cells in body

A

37 trillion

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2
Q

Ratio of bacterial to eukaryotic cells

A

10 to 1

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3
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • The cell is the basic functional unit of life
  • Cells arise only from preexisting cells
  • Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA, which is passed from parent to daughter cell
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4
Q

Viruses and cell theory

A

No alive because can only replicate by invading other organisms and genetic material is RNA

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5
Q

Eukaryotic reproduction

A

Mitosis - two identical daughter cells

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6
Q

Cytosol

A

Semifluid within cell, allows for diffusion of molecules throughout cell, suspends organelles

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7
Q

Membranes of eukaryotic cells

A

Both cell membrane and organelle membranes contain phospholipids with hydrophilic interior and exterior and hydrophobic core

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8
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Have membrane bound organelles, a nucleus, and may form multi-cellular organisms

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA organized into chromosomes, surrounded by nuclear membrane/envelope

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

Linear strands of DNA already wound around histones

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11
Q

Nuclear membrane/envelope

A

Double membrane that contains nuclear pores for two-way exchange or materials between nucleus and cytosol

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12
Q

DNA

A

Genetic information, coding regions called genes, linear DNA would around histones then wound into chromosomes

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13
Q

Genes

A

Coding regions of DNA

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14
Q

Nucleolus

A

Subsection of the nucleus in which ribosomal RNA is synthesized, 25% of nucleus volume, darker spot

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power plant of the cells, has inner and outer membrane, can divide independently from nucleus with binary fission, can trigger apoptosis by releasing enzymes into cytoplasm

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16
Q

Outer mitochondrial membrane

A

Forms barrier with cytosol

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17
Q

Inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Folded into cristae, contains molecules and enzymes for ETC, contains mitochondrial matrix

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18
Q

Mitochondria intermembrane space

A

Space between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

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19
Q

Lysosomes

A

Single membraned and contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products. When enzymes released, autolysis can occur

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20
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Series of interconnected membranes, continuous with nuclear envelope

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21
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes

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22
Q

Ribosomes

A

Permit translation of proteins destined for secretion

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23
Q

Smooth ER

A

Used for lipid synthesis and detoxification, also transports proteins from the RER to Golgi apparatus

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24
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Consists of stacked membrane-bound sacs in which cellular products can be modified, packaged, and directed to specific cellular locations

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25
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain hydrogen peroxide and can break down long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation. Also participate in phospholipid synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway

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26
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides stability and rigidity to the overall cell, which also providing transport pathways for molecules within the cell

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27
Q

Microfilaments

A

Composed of solid polymerized actin, provide structural protection for the cell (to both compression and fracture) and can cause muscle contraction through interactions with myosin. Also help form the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in mitosis

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28
Q

Actin

A

Forms microfilaments

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29
Q

Microtubules

A

Composed of hollow polymers of tubulin, create pathways for motor proteins (kinesin and dynein) to carry vesicles, contribute to structure of cilia and flagella where they are organized in a 9 +2 structure, attach centrioles and chromosomes during mitosis to help pull sister chromatids apart

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30
Q

Tubulin

A

Forms microtubules

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31
Q

Kinesin and dynein

A

Motor proteins whose travel is aided by microtubules

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32
Q

Cilia

A

Projections from a cell that are involved in the movement of materials along the surface of the cell, structure supported by microtubules in 9+2 pattern

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33
Q

9+2 structure

A

Nine pairs of microtubules in a ring with two microtubules in the center, cilia and flagella structure

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34
Q

Centrioles

A

Found in centromeres and are involved in microtubule organization in the mitotic spindle - 9 triplets of microtubules with hollow center

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35
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Involved in cell-cell adhesion and maintenance of the integrity of the cytoskeleton by increasing rigidity and anchoring organelles (can withstand a ton of tension)

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36
Q

Examples of intermediate filaments

A

Keratin and desmin

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37
Q

Epithelial tissues

A

Covers the body and lines its cavities, protects against pathogen invasion and desiccation, some involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation

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38
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional parts of the organ, typically formed by epithelial cells

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39
Q

Epithelial cells polarization

A

Can be polarized with one side facing human or outside world and other facing blood vessels or structural cells

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40
Q

Simple epithelia

A

One layer epithelial cells

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41
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Many layered epithelial cells

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42
Q

Puesdostratified epithelia

A

Appear to have multiple layers due to differences in cell heights but are actually only one layer

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43
Q

Epithelia layer classifications

A

Simple, stratified, puesdostratified

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44
Q

Epithelia shape classifications

A

Cuboidal, columnar, and squamous

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45
Q

Cuboidal cells

A

Cube shaped

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46
Q

Columnar cells

A

Long and narrow

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47
Q

Squamous cells

A

Flat and scalelike

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48
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports the body and provides framework for epithelial cells, forms stroma in most organs by secreting materials (collagen and elastin) to form extracellular matrix

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49
Q

Stroma

A

Support structure generally formed by connective tissues

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50
Q

Connective tissues examples

A

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and blood

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51
Q

Histones

A

Organizing proteins that linear DNA is wound around

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52
Q

Cristae

A

Infoldings in inner mitochondrial membrane, increase SA for ETC

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53
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Space inside inner mitochondrial matrix, contain protons will be pumped to intermembrane space and then will flow through ATP synthase to generate ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

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54
Q

Cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritance

A

Transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus

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55
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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56
Q

Endosomes

A

Transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane - can transport to the trans golgi, the cell membrane, or the lysosomal pathway for degradation

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57
Q

Autolysis

A

When lysosomes release enzymes and apoptosis occurs via cellular component degradation

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58
Q

Exocytosis

A

Secretion where a secretory vesicle merges with the cell membrane and its contents are released

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59
Q

Golgi apparatus product modification

A

Addition of groups, addition of signal sequences to direct delivery of the product

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60
Q

Three components of cytoskeleton

A

Mircofilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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61
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of materials between daughter cells

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62
Q

Flagella

A

Involved in movement of the cell itself, structure supported by microtubules in 9+2 pattern

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63
Q

Kinetochores

A

Complexes that attach microtubules to chromosomes to help pull sister chromatids apart

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64
Q

Tissue types

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

65
Q

Basement membrane

A

Layer of connective tissue keeping epithelial cells together

66
Q

Lumen

A

Hollow inside of an organ or tube

67
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Do not contain membrane-bound organelles, contain genetic material in single circular molecule of DNA located in the nucleoid region

68
Q

Nucleoid region

A

Region where single circular molecule of DNA is location in prokaryotes

69
Q

Three domains of life

A

Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

70
Q

Archaea

A

Often extremophiles, live in harsh environment (temp, salinity, no light), use chemical sources for energy (chemosynthesis); have similarities to both eukaryotes and bacteria

71
Q

Archaea similarities to eukaryotes

A

Start translation with methionine, similar RNA polymerases, histones

72
Q

Archaea similarities to bacteria

A

Single circular chromosome, divide by binary fission or budding

73
Q

Bacteria

A

Similar structure to eukaryotes, complex relationships with humans including mutualistic symbiosis and pathogenesis

74
Q

Mutualistic symbiosis

A

Both organisms benefit from the relationship

75
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Harm is caused to one organism in the relationship

76
Q

Eukarya

A

Only non-prokaryotic domain

77
Q

Bacteria shape classifications

A

Cocci, bacilli, spirilli

78
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical bacteria

79
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod-shaped bacteria

80
Q

Spirilli

A

Spiral-shaped bacteria

81
Q

Bacterial metabolic classifications

A

Obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes

82
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Require oxygen for metabolism

83
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Cannot survive in oxygen-containing environments and only carry out anaerobic metabolism

84
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can survive in environments with or without oxygen and will toggle between metabolic processes based on the environment

85
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Cannot use oxygen for metabolism, but can survive in an oxygen-containing environment

86
Q

Cell envelope

A

Made of cell wall and cell membrane, contain movement of solutes into and out of cell to maintain concentration gradient

87
Q

Gram staining

A

Bacteria cell wall classification done with a crystal violet stain followed by a counterstain with safranin

88
Q

Gram positive

A

Bacteria that turn purple during gram staining; thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid

89
Q

Gram negative

A

Bacteria that turn pink-red following gram staining; thing cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides

90
Q

Bacteria movement

A

Possibly have one, two, or many flagella to move bacterium towards food or away from immune cells

91
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Chemical stimulus that causes movement response in bacteria

92
Q

Bacteria flagella

A

Contains a filament, a basal body, and a hook

93
Q

Prokayotes ETC

A

Uses cell membrane

94
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes

A

Smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

95
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes size

A

40S and 60S

96
Q

Prokaryotic ribosome size

A

30S and 50S

97
Q

Binary fission

A

Prokaryotes division where chromosomes replicate while the cell grows in size, until the cell wall begins to grow inward along the midline of the cell and divides it into two identical daughter cells, faster than mitosis

98
Q

Plasmids

A

Carries extrachromosomal material in prokaryotes, may contain antibiotic resistance or virulence factors, some are episomes, not considered in genome because not necessary for survival

99
Q

Episomes

A

Plasmids that can integrate into the genome

100
Q

Virulence factors

A

Traits that increase pathogenicity, such as toxin production, projections that allow attachment to certain kinds of cells, or features that allow evasion of the host’s immune system

101
Q

Bacterial genetic recombination

A

Increases bacterial diversity, includes transformation, conjugation, and transduction

102
Q

Transformation

A

Occurs when genetic material from the surroundings is taken up by a cell, which can incorporate this material into its genome

103
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a conjugation bridge, form of mating (sexual reproduction), unidirectional from donor male+ (must have sex factor plasmid) to recipient female-, can allow for rapid passing of plasmids

104
Q

Conjugation bridge

A

Facilitates transfer of genetic information, made of sex pili

105
Q

Fertility factor conjugation

A

Fertility plasmid is transferred from F+ cells to F- cells, making them F+cells, can allow for rapid passing of plasmids (ex. antibiotic resistance) because more cells can share plasmids with others

106
Q

Hfr cells conjugation

A

When a donor cells with a sex factor attempts to transfer its entire genome into a recipient, but only a a portion of the genome can be transferred before the bridge breaks. hfr - high frequency of recombination

107
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of genetic material form one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage vector

108
Q

Transposons

A

Genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genomee

109
Q

Bacterial growth phases

A

Lag phase, exponential (log) phase, stationary phase, death phase

110
Q

Lag phase

A

Bacteria adapts to new local conditions

111
Q

Exponential (log) phase

A

Growth increases exponentially

112
Q

Stationary phase

A

Resources are reduced, growth levels off

113
Q

Death phase

A

Resources are depleted, so bacteria die

114
Q

Virus makeup

A

Genetic material, a capsid, and sometimes a lipid-containing envelope

115
Q

Viruses

A

Obligate intracellular parasites, cannot survive and replicate out of a hose cell

116
Q

Virions

A

Individual virus particles/progeny

117
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat of viruses

118
Q

Host cell

A

Cell that virus uses to replicate and reproduce

119
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Viruses that target bacteria (do not actually enter, just inject genetic material), contain a tail sheath and tail fibers

120
Q

Tail sheath

A

Injects genetic material into a bacterium

121
Q

Tail fibers

A

Allows bacteriophage to attach to the host cell

122
Q

Viral genomes

A

May be composed of DNA or RNA, could be single or double stranded or circular

123
Q

Single stranded RNA viruses

A

May be positive sense or negative sense

124
Q

Positive sense

A

Single stranded RNA virus that can be translated by host cell

125
Q

Negative sense

A

Single stranded RNA that requires a complementary stand to be synthesized by RNA replicase before translation

126
Q

RNA replicase

A

-

127
Q

Retroviruses

A

Enveloped and contain a single-stranded RNA genome which can create a complementary DNA stand using reverse transcriptase, DNA strand can then be injected into the genome

128
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Can synthesize DNA from single stranded RNA

129
Q

Virus cell infection

A

Attach to SPECIFIC receptors, can enter the cell by fusing with plasma membrane, endocytosis, or injecting genome into cell

130
Q

Virus reproduction

A

Replicates and translates genetic material using the host cell’s ribosomes, tRNA, amino acids, and enzymes

131
Q

Viral progeny release

A

Can be released via cell death, lysis, or extrusion

132
Q

Extrusion

A

A virus leaving a cell by fusing with its plasma membrane

133
Q

Bacteriophage life cycles

A

Lytic and lysogenic cycle

134
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Bacteriophage products massive numbers of new virions until the cell lyses, viruses termed virulent

135
Q

Virulent

A

Viruses who are in the lytic phase

136
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus or prophage, reproduces along with the cell, can remain in the genome indefinitely or may leave the genome in response to a stimulus and enter the lytic cycle, can potentially take other bacteria genes with them which leads to transduction

137
Q

Prions

A

Infectious proteins that trigger misfiling of other proteins, usually converting alpha helical structures to beta pleated sheets, decreases the solubility of a protein and increases its resistance to degradation which interferes with cell function

138
Q

Viroid

A

Plant pathogens that are small circles of complementary RNA that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural changes, and potentially cell death

139
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

Energy generation by some Achaea that uses organic compounds including sulfur and nitrogen based compounds such as ammonia

140
Q

Fimbriae

A

Similar to cilia, some bacteria have them

141
Q

Pathogens/parasites

A

Bacteria that provide no advantage or benefit to the host and cause disease

142
Q

Prokaryote cellularity

A

Single-celled organisms so they must perform all functions required for life and must protect themselves from the environment - however, some prokaryotes live in colonies where they can communicate with each other

143
Q

Cell wall

A

Forms outer barrier of the cell, provides structure and controls movement of solutes - present in prokaryotes

144
Q

Bacteria cell membrane

A

aka plamsa membrane - similar to eukaryote in that it Is made of phospholipids

145
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Polymeric substance made from amino acids and sugars, provides structure and protection from hosts immune system to bacteria - found in both gram positive and gram negative cells but a lot more in gram positive

146
Q

Lipoteichoic acid

A

Found in gram positive cell walls, function unclear, may active human immune response

147
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Space between inner and outer cell membrane

148
Q

Lipopolysaccharides

A

Trigger immune response in gram-negative bacteria which is much stronger than the response to lipoteichoic acid in gram-positive bacteria

149
Q

Flagella filament

A

Hollow, helical structure composed of flagellin

150
Q

Flagella Basal body

A

Complex structure that anchors flagellum to cytoplasmic membrane and is motor (rotates up to 300 Hz)

151
Q

Flagella Hook

A

Connects the filament and basal body

152
Q

Sex pili

A

Appendages on a donor male bacteria that create conjugation bridge, bacteria must have plasmid with sex factor to do this

153
Q

Sex factors

A

Plasmids that hold necessary genes to create piles and thus conjugation bridge, can be integrated into host genome with transformation

154
Q

Vector

A

A virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another

155
Q

Virus envelope

A

Could be composed of phospholipids and virus-speciic proteins, sensitive to heat, detergents, and desiccation (easier to kill)

156
Q

Virus replication DNA

A

Typically must enter nucleus to be transcribed, retroviruses also travel to nucleus to be integrated into genome

157
Q

Virus replication positive sense RNA

A

Stays in cytoplasm and is directly translated into proteins by host cell ribosomes

158
Q

Virus replication negative sense RNA

A

Requires synthesis of complementary strand of RNA via RNA replicase then can be translated into proteins

159
Q

Superinfection

A

Simultaneous infection of a cell, not common because infection with one strain of phage makes the bacterium less susceptible

MCAT (67 decks)

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