Research Methods- Conducting Research✅ Flashcards
What are the Experimental designs
Repeated measures
Independent groups
Matched pairs
Repeated measures
The same participants are used in both conditions
Independent groups
Participants are randomly allocated to different groups which represent different conditions
Matched pairs
Pairs of participants are closely matched and are then randomly allocated to one of the experimental conditions
Random sampling
Everyone in the target audience had an equal chance of being selected
Opportunity sampling
Consists of those people available to the researcher at the time of carrying out the research
Volunteer sampling
Where the participant self-select, they volunteer themselves to take part
Stratified sampling
Subgroups are identified and participants chosen randomly from each subgroup
Systematic sampling
The researcher uses a pre-determined system to randomly select participant
Random sampling advantages
Unbiased
Random sampling disadvantages
Time consuming
Opportunity sampling strengths
Easiest method less time consuming
Opportunity sampling disadvantages
Biased
Not going to get a wider view
Volunteer sampling advantages
Less chance of drop out
Less time consuming
Les biased
Volunteer sampling disadvantages
May be biased in other ways as participants are likely to become motivated and/or extra time on their hands
Stratified sampling strengths
More representative
Stratified sampling disadvantages
Time consuming
Systematic sampling advantages
Less chance of bias
Systematic disadvantages
Not truly unbiased or random unless you select a number using random method
To types of validity
Internal and external validity
Internal validity
If the outcome is a result of a variable
External validity
The extent to which the results can be generalised to other settings
Two types of external validity
Population and ecological validity
Population validity
If it can be generalised the population as a whole
Ecological validity
If it can be generalised to real life
Reliability
How consistent the results are, if they can be repeated
Demand characteristics
Participant may pick up on ques from the environment which will make the participants change their behaviour, as they become aware of the aims
Investigator effects
When the investigator does something to effect/ influence a participants behaviour e.g tone of voice or facial expressions
Social desirability effects
Would be fake behaviour
Wanting to look good infront of researcher
Single blind technique
The researcher knows the aim of the study but participants don’t
Double blind technique
Neither the researcher or the participant knows the aim
What does the double blind technique help
eliminate investigator effects
Pilot study
A small scale study conducted on a small sample
What does a pilot study help the researcher do?
Identify any potential problems with the analysis method design and instructions given to participants and so on
Main ethical issues
Deception
Informed consent
Protection from harm
Other ethical issues
Right to withdraw, confidentiality, privacy
