Eyewitness Testimony✅

Question 1

Eye witness testimony

Answer 1

An account given by people of an event they have witnessed

Question 2

Causes of inaccuracies

Answer 2

Leading questions
Post event discussion
Anxiety

Question 3

Who studied misleading information

Answer 3

Loftus and palmer

Question 4

Who studied anxiety

Answer 4

Loftus

Question 5

Who’s studied cognitive interview

Answer 5

Geiselmann

Question 6

Loftus and palmer procedure

Answer 6

45 students watched a film and then asked questions about what they had seen. All groups had the same question but the verb was changed to either smashed, bumped, or contacted.

Question 7

Loftus and palmer findings

Answer 7

Found that the verb affected the speed estimates. Smashed had the highest and contacted had the lowest

Question 8

Methodological issues with loftus and palmer

Answer 8

All participants were students so can’t generalise to anyone else
Was in a lab so it’s controlled and no external factors
Watched a film so can’t generalise to life as they weren’t at the scene

Question 9

Ethical issues of loftus and palmer

Answer 9

Not protected from harm, psychological harm as the film was disturbing so they may have been traumatised and caused anxiety

Question 10

Who supported loftus and palmer

Answer 10

Loftus and zanni

Question 11

Loftus and zanni procedure

Answer 11

A week later the participants were questioned again, but asked if they seen broken glass

Question 12

Findings of loftus and zanni

Answer 12

The people who had the smashed question previously were more likely to say they had seen broken glass than the people who answered the contacted question

Question 13

Who studied anxiety effecting the accuracy of eye witness

Answer 13

Loftus, the weapon effect

Question 14

Loftus’s weapon effect study aim

Answer 14

To investigate the effect of anxiety and stress on eyewitness recall

Question 15

Loftus’s weapon effect procedure

Answer 15

There was two conditions, both groups say outside of lab listening to two different convos. One was a peaceful convo where a main come out with greasy hands. The other one was an aggressive violent convo where a man Came out with a bloody knife. Participants were shown 50 photos and asked to identify the man

Question 16

The weapon effect findings

Answer 16

The people who listened to the violent scene were less accurate in identifying the man than the group who listened to the peaceful scene

Question 17

Weapon effect conclusion

Answer 17

Loftus concluded that anxiety narrowed the attention of the witness and took attention to the bloody knife, so anxiety effects recall

Question 18

Methodological issues with weapon effect

Answer 18

Lab experiment so it’s controlled, no external factors so can establish cause and effect
However lacks ecological validity so can’t generalise to real life

Question 19

Ethical issues with weapon effect

Answer 19

Deception- were deceived into thinking they were real convos

Protection from harm- psychologically harmed as they showed anxiety

Question 20

What study contradicts loftus’s weapon effect

Answer 20

Christianson and hubinette

Question 21

Christianson and hubinette procedure

Answer 21

Carried out a survey of 110 people who had witnessed between them 22 bank robberies. Some of these had been bystanders and others had been directly threatened by robbers

Question 22

Findings of christianson and hubinette

Answer 22

People who been threatened and showed the most anxiety showed more detailed and accurate recall than out lookers

Question 23

Conclusion of christianson and hubinette

Answer 23

They are contradicting loftus’s study as it shows more anxiety results in better recall

Question 24

Who studied cognitive interview

Answer 24

Geiselmann

Question 25

Geiselmanns aim

Answer 25

Investigate the effectiveness of cognitive interview

Question 26

Procedure of geiselmann’s study

Answer 26

89 participants were shown police training films. Two days later they were interviewed by a police officer, using either cognitive interview, standard police interview or an interview using hypnosis. They were recorded and assessed on right or wrong answers

Question 27

Findings of geiselmanns study

Answer 27

The cognitive interview had the most accurate recall

Question 28

Conclusion of geiselmanns study

Answer 28

Showing that cognitive interview is the most effective way of recalling accurate information on events

Question 29

Methodological issues of geiselmanns study

Answer 29

In a lab so,It’s controlled no external factors and can establish cause and effect

Question 30

Ethical issues of geiselmanns study

Answer 30

Protection from harm, weren’t protected from psychological harm from the violent scenes may have caused anxiety or stress

Question 31

Limitations of geiselmanns study

Answer 31

Cognitive interview has proven not very successful when interviewing children. He reviewed a number of studies and found children under 6 were less accurate in recalling events. Therefore this is probs because they find instructions more difficult to understand