Memory 1✅ Flashcards
The multi store model of memory consists of
4 processes and 3 stores
Stimulus input
Where the information is detected
Sensory memory/ register
Very large capacity
Duration of milliseconds
Multimodal encoding
The four processes and the extra one
Stimulus input Attention Extra one- maintenance rehearsal Transfer Retrieval
STM
Capacity 7+-2
Duration of up to 18 seconds
Acoustically encodes
Maintenance rehearsal
If the information is rehearsed enough it will be remembered, a lot of repetition will create a ltm
Transfer
Information that has been rehearsed enough to be remembered will be taken into ltm
Ltm
Potentially unlimited capacity
Up to a life time of duration
Semantically encoding
Retrieval process
Getting information from the Ltm back to the STM so it’s available for use
Advantage of multi store model of memory
HM
Clive wearing
Kf
Disadvantages of multi store model of memory
Oversimplified
Flashbulb memory
Who created working memory model
Baddeley and hitch
What’s the 4 main components of the working memory model
Central executive
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
Central executive
Main controller
It decides where the information goes, to either the episodic buffer, phonological loop or visuo-spatial sketch pad
When it’s decided where it’s going it diverts attention to that sub store
Episodic buffer
Is the general store
It’s for things that use both visual and verbal information like watching telly
Phonological loop
Controls all auditory information. It’s further subdivided into the acoustic store (inner ear) and articulatory store (inner voice). The acoustic store is for spoken words e.g listening to the radio. The articulatory store is for when you read a book
Visuospatial sketchpad
Can also be known as the inner eye
It processes visual and spatial things (how things look and where they are) for example planning going home from college
Advantages of working memory model
Supported by research such as KF
Disadvantages of working memory model
Central executive is too vague and simplistic
Fails to take into account musical memory
Types of ltm
Explicit and implicit
Types of explicit memory
Episodic and semantic
Type of implicit ltm
Procedural
Episodic memory
Type of explicit memory
Available for conscious inspection
It’s concerned with knowing that
And is responsible for storing specific, personal events and their context for example your 10th birthday
Semantic memory
Type of explicit memory, it’s available for conscious inspection and is concerned with knowing that
It’s Responsible for storing general knowledge about the world for example pars is the capital of France
Procedural memory
Is a type of implicit memory, it’s not available for conscious inspection , is concerned with knowing how and is responsible for storing performance of actions and procedure of how to do things for example tying your shoe laces
Advantages of types of ltm
Supported by tulving Brain scans
And supported by HM and Clive wearing
Disadvantage of types of ltm
Lack of evidence to distinguish between episodic and semantic Ltm
Forgetting
A persons loss of the ability to recall or recognise something they’ve previously learned
Two explanations for forgetting
Interference theory and retrieval failure
Interference theory
An explanation for forgetting in terms of one memory disrupting the ability to recall another. This is most likely to occur when the two memories have some similarity
Types of interference
Retroactive and proactive
Retroactive interference
New memories interfering with old ones
Current attempts to learn something interfere with past learning
Proactive interference
New memories are hard to retrieve because of old memories interfering
Past learning interferes with learning new things
Retrieval failure
Occurs due to lack of cues
An explanation for forgetting bass on the idea that the issue relates to being able to retrieve a memory that’s there but not accessible. Retrieval depends on using cues
Cues
Things that serve as a reminder
Types of cues
External or internal
External cues
If all the same cues are in the same place it’s easier to retrieve information
Internal cues
Cues that are linked to a persons state when encoding a memory. The best retrieval is when they are in the same state as they were when they were encoding
Who researched retroactive interference
Müller
Who researched proactive interference
Underwood
Eyewitness Testimony
An account given by people of an event they’ve witnessed
Causes of inaccuracies in eyewitness testimony
Post event discussion
Leading questions
Anxiety
Misleading information
Information that can cause inaccuracies, and or things in your head
Leading questions
A question phrased in such way as to prompt questionning your self
Post event discussion
Talking about the event after it happens and forgetting some information or changing some ideas
Who carried out the study investigating the factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony (misleading information)
Loftus and palmer
Who carried out the study investigating the factors affecting eyewitness testimony (anxiety) and what’s it called
Loftus weapon effect
Who investigated the effectiveness of cognitive interview on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony
Geiselmann
Cognitive is based on 4 components
Context reinstatement
Report everything
Recall from changed perspective
Recall in reverse order
Context reinstatement
Mentally reinstate the context of the incident , recall the scene and what were you thinking and feeling
Report everything
Say everything that happened, every detail even if you think it’s irrelevant
Recall from changed perspective
Imagine the incident from someone else’s viewpoint
Recall in reverse order
Try reporting the incident in a different order
