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Psychology paper 1 > Memory✅ > Flashcards

Memory✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

Input is

A

Information enters the memory process using all 5 senses

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2
Q

Encoding is

A

The way in which information is represented in the memory store

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3
Q

Storage is

A

Holding information in memory til needed

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4
Q

Retrieval is

A

Locating information in memory and recovering it

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5
Q

Output is

A

Memories

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6
Q

Short term memory

A

Memory that lasts for a short amount of time and very limited capacity

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7
Q

Long term memory

A

Memory that lasts longer with a unlimited capacity

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8
Q

Capacity

A

How much information can be stored

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9
Q

Duration

A

How long the information can be stored for

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10
Q

Encoding

A

Remembering something in a specific place then when forgetting going back to the initial place

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11
Q

Attention

A

The cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things

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12
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repetition of information

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13
Q

Multi store model of memory

A 
Stimulus input
Sensory register
Attention
Stm 
Maintenance rehearsal
Transfer
Ltm
Retrieval
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14
Q

Recency effect

A

A tendency to recall the later words at the end of the list as they are circulating the STM

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15
Q

Primary effect

A

Tendency to recall earlier words at the beginning of the list as they have been rehearsed and have been passed to the LTM

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16
Q

HM case study

A

Suffered from epilepsy and in attempts to treat this brain tissue was removed which effected his LTM but his STM was left intact

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17
Q

Central executive

A

Controller

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18
Q

Episodic buffer

A

General store

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19
Q

Phonological loop

A

Processes all verbal information

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20
Q

Visio-spatial sketchpad

A

Processes all visual information

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21
Q

Explicit long term memory

A

Have to think about it

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22
Q

Implicit long term memory

A

Automatically comes back

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23
Q

Episodic memory

A

Type of explicit

Specific to you

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24
Q

Semantic memory

A

Type of explicit

General knowledge about the world not specific to you

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25
Q

Procedural memory

A

Type of implicit

Procedure of how to do things

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26
Q

STM capacity

A

7+ or - 2

27
Q

STM duration

A

Up to 18 seconds

28
Q

STM encoding

A

Acoustically

29
Q

LTM capacity

A

Unlimited

30
Q

LTM duration

A

Up to a lifetime

31
Q

LTM encoding

A

Semantically

32
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New memories interfering with old ones

33
Q

Proactive interference

A

New memories are hard to learn because of old memories interfering

34
Q

Retrieval failure occurs because

A

Of a lack of cues

35
Q

Cues

A

Things that serve as a reminder

36
Q

External cues

A

If all the same cues are in the same place it’s easier to retrieve information

37
Q

Internal cues

A

Are linked to a persons state when encoding a memory best retrieval when they are in the same state as they were when encoding

38
Q

Eyewitness testimony

A

An account given by people of an event they have witnessed which can be used in court

39
Q

Leading questions may

A

Put things in your head

40
Q

Post event discussion may

A

Add things into the story or forget things

41
Q

Who did the study of factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony- misleading questions

A

Loftus and palmer 1974

42
Q

Who did the study on leading questions and post event discussion

A

Loftus and Zanni 1975

43
Q

Who did the study on factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony- anxiety

A

Loftus 1979 weapon effect

44
Q

Contradicting study of the weapon effect

A

Christianson and hubinette 1993

45
Q

Who did the improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony- cognitive interview

A

Geiselmann

46
Q

Cognitive interview

A

Procedure used by police to help eyewitnesses recall information more accurately

47
Q

Context reinstatement

A

Mentally reinstate the context of the incident recall the scene what you were feeling or thinking

48
Q

Report everything

A

Say everything that happened report every detail

49
Q

Recall from changed perspective

A

Imagine the incident from someone else’s point of view

50
Q

Recall in reverse order

A

Try reporting everything from the incident from Finish to start

51
Q

Advantage of multi-store model of memory- HM

A

He got brain tissue removed in attempt to treat epilepsy resulting in his LTM being effected, but STM was left intact. This supports as it shows stores are separate

52
Q

Advantage of multi-store model of memory- KF

A

He was involved in a motorcycle accident that caused brain damage he was left unable to process new STM however he could retrieve LTM’s. This shows stores are separate

53
Q

Disadvantage of multi store model of memory- oversimplified

A

It’s oversimplified as it fails to take into account the complexity of human memory. Therefore it may not be able to be used as it might not be effective

54
Q

Disadvantage of multi-store model of memory- rehearsal

A

It says rehearsal is the only way that information can be transferred from STM to LTM this is a weakness as it fails to take into account flashbulb memory. When an exciting or traumatic memory is remembered because it’s so significant this proves rehearsal may not be necessary

55
Q

Advantage of working memory model- KF

A

Found there is subdivisions and separate processes when the patient became Brain damaged, they found only half of his STM was damaged ( his phonological loop) but his visuospatial sketch pad was left intact as he could process visual information

56
Q

Disadvantage of working memory model- central executive

A

Been Criticised for being too vague and simplistic this is because it allocates resources and is basically the same as attention. It lacks detail but it’s meant to be the controller therefore it’s not clear enough as it doesn’t tell us how it’s different to attention

57
Q

Disadvantage of working memory model- musical memory

A

Fails to take into account musical memory. Songs without words can be memorised and listened to whilst someone I talking without being distracted. But the working memory model says that only one thing can be listened to at a time in the phonological loop as it’s unitary and there’s not enough capacity to do that

58
Q

Advantage of types of LTM- tulving brain scans

A

Supported by tulving as he did brain scans and found the episodic memory was in the hippocampus and semantic memory was found in the temporal lobe and the procedural memory was found in the cerebellum. This supports the distinction between LTM as the brain scans are accurate

59
Q

Advantage of types of LTM- HM and Clive wearing

A

They both support distinction between types of LTM as their procedural and semantic memory weren’t effected but their episodic memory was impaired they had difficulty recalling events that had happened. This supports the distinction between types of LTM as it shows different stores

60
Q

Disadvantage of types of LTM- episodic and semantic

A

Lack of evidence to distinguish between episodic and semantic LTM. There is an overlap between the two types this may be because he hippocampus is located in a part of the temporal lobe and it’s thought you can’t make a semantic memory without a episodic memory

61
Q

What is cognitive interview

A

A procedure used by police to help eyewitness recall information more accurately

62
Q

Who investigated the effectiveness of cognitive interview

A

Geiselman

63
Q

Geiselman study

A

89 participants were shown police training videos. Two days later were interviewed by police using either cognitive interview, standard police interview, or interview using a hypothesis. It was found that cognitive interview had most accurate recall

64
Q

Evaluation point for cognitive interview

A

Not as successful in children. Geiselman reviewed a number of studies and concluded that kids under 6 reported less events accurately. This is probably because they find it harder to understand instructions. This means it may not be effective for everyone so can’t be used widely

Psychology paper 1 (29 decks)

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