Memory✅ Flashcards
Input is
Information enters the memory process using all 5 senses
Encoding is
The way in which information is represented in the memory store
Storage is
Holding information in memory til needed
Retrieval is
Locating information in memory and recovering it
Output is
Memories
Short term memory
Memory that lasts for a short amount of time and very limited capacity
Long term memory
Memory that lasts longer with a unlimited capacity
Capacity
How much information can be stored
Duration
How long the information can be stored for
Encoding
Remembering something in a specific place then when forgetting going back to the initial place
Attention
The cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things
Rehearsal
Repetition of information
Multi store model of memory
Stimulus input Sensory register Attention Stm Maintenance rehearsal Transfer Ltm Retrieval
Recency effect
A tendency to recall the later words at the end of the list as they are circulating the STM
Primary effect
Tendency to recall earlier words at the beginning of the list as they have been rehearsed and have been passed to the LTM
HM case study
Suffered from epilepsy and in attempts to treat this brain tissue was removed which effected his LTM but his STM was left intact
Central executive
Controller
Episodic buffer
General store
Phonological loop
Processes all verbal information
Visio-spatial sketchpad
Processes all visual information
Explicit long term memory
Have to think about it
Implicit long term memory
Automatically comes back
Episodic memory
Type of explicit
Specific to you
Semantic memory
Type of explicit
General knowledge about the world not specific to you
Procedural memory
Type of implicit
Procedure of how to do things
STM capacity
7+ or - 2
STM duration
Up to 18 seconds
STM encoding
Acoustically
LTM capacity
Unlimited
LTM duration
Up to a lifetime
LTM encoding
Semantically
Retroactive interference
New memories interfering with old ones
Proactive interference
New memories are hard to learn because of old memories interfering
Retrieval failure occurs because
Of a lack of cues
Cues
Things that serve as a reminder
External cues
If all the same cues are in the same place it’s easier to retrieve information
Internal cues
Are linked to a persons state when encoding a memory best retrieval when they are in the same state as they were when encoding
Eyewitness testimony
An account given by people of an event they have witnessed which can be used in court
Leading questions may
Put things in your head
Post event discussion may
Add things into the story or forget things
Who did the study of factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony- misleading questions
Loftus and palmer 1974
Who did the study on leading questions and post event discussion
Loftus and Zanni 1975
Who did the study on factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony- anxiety
Loftus 1979 weapon effect
Contradicting study of the weapon effect
Christianson and hubinette 1993
Who did the improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimony- cognitive interview
Geiselmann
Cognitive interview
Procedure used by police to help eyewitnesses recall information more accurately
Context reinstatement
Mentally reinstate the context of the incident recall the scene what you were feeling or thinking
Report everything
Say everything that happened report every detail
Recall from changed perspective
Imagine the incident from someone else’s point of view
Recall in reverse order
Try reporting everything from the incident from Finish to start
Advantage of multi-store model of memory- HM
He got brain tissue removed in attempt to treat epilepsy resulting in his LTM being effected, but STM was left intact. This supports as it shows stores are separate
Advantage of multi-store model of memory- KF
He was involved in a motorcycle accident that caused brain damage he was left unable to process new STM however he could retrieve LTM’s. This shows stores are separate
Disadvantage of multi store model of memory- oversimplified
It’s oversimplified as it fails to take into account the complexity of human memory. Therefore it may not be able to be used as it might not be effective
Disadvantage of multi-store model of memory- rehearsal
It says rehearsal is the only way that information can be transferred from STM to LTM this is a weakness as it fails to take into account flashbulb memory. When an exciting or traumatic memory is remembered because it’s so significant this proves rehearsal may not be necessary
Advantage of working memory model- KF
Found there is subdivisions and separate processes when the patient became Brain damaged, they found only half of his STM was damaged ( his phonological loop) but his visuospatial sketch pad was left intact as he could process visual information
Disadvantage of working memory model- central executive
Been Criticised for being too vague and simplistic this is because it allocates resources and is basically the same as attention. It lacks detail but it’s meant to be the controller therefore it’s not clear enough as it doesn’t tell us how it’s different to attention
Disadvantage of working memory model- musical memory
Fails to take into account musical memory. Songs without words can be memorised and listened to whilst someone I talking without being distracted. But the working memory model says that only one thing can be listened to at a time in the phonological loop as it’s unitary and there’s not enough capacity to do that
Advantage of types of LTM- tulving brain scans
Supported by tulving as he did brain scans and found the episodic memory was in the hippocampus and semantic memory was found in the temporal lobe and the procedural memory was found in the cerebellum. This supports the distinction between LTM as the brain scans are accurate
Advantage of types of LTM- HM and Clive wearing
They both support distinction between types of LTM as their procedural and semantic memory weren’t effected but their episodic memory was impaired they had difficulty recalling events that had happened. This supports the distinction between types of LTM as it shows different stores
Disadvantage of types of LTM- episodic and semantic
Lack of evidence to distinguish between episodic and semantic LTM. There is an overlap between the two types this may be because he hippocampus is located in a part of the temporal lobe and it’s thought you can’t make a semantic memory without a episodic memory
What is cognitive interview
A procedure used by police to help eyewitness recall information more accurately
Who investigated the effectiveness of cognitive interview
Geiselman
Geiselman study
89 participants were shown police training videos. Two days later were interviewed by police using either cognitive interview, standard police interview, or interview using a hypothesis. It was found that cognitive interview had most accurate recall
Evaluation point for cognitive interview
Not as successful in children. Geiselman reviewed a number of studies and concluded that kids under 6 reported less events accurately. This is probably because they find it harder to understand instructions. This means it may not be effective for everyone so can’t be used widely
