Reproductive System - A&P Textbook Flashcards
What are the essential reproductive organs of the male and female?
Male: testes, penis; Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
Each organ has specific functions related to reproduction.
What hormones are necessary for the formation of gametes?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH)
These hormones stimulate gamete production in both males and females.
What is the difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Spermatogenesis produces sperm; oogenesis produces ova
Spermatogenesis occurs continuously, while oogenesis occurs cyclically in females.
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
Endometrium, Myometrium, Perimetrium
These layers play roles in menstruation and pregnancy.
What is the life cycle of an oocyte?
Oogonium → Primary oocyte → Secondary oocyte → Ovum
Oocytes undergo meiosis during this cycle.
What are the changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone
Hormone levels fluctuate to regulate the cycle.
Define diploid.
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (46 total in humans)
Diploid cells include somatic cells.
Define haploid.
A cell containing one set of chromosomes (23 total in humans)
Haploid cells include gametes (sperm and egg).
What are gametes?
Reproductive cells (sperm and ova)
Gametes are haploid and combine during fertilization.
What is the endometrium?
The inner lining of the uterus that thickens during the menstrual cycle
It is crucial for implantation of a fertilized egg.
What are homologous chromosomes?
Chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in shape and size
They carry genes for the same traits.
What are autosomes?
Non-sex chromosomes that are the same in both males and females
Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes.
What are sex chromosomes?
Chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex (X and Y)
Females have XX; males have XY.
Define genes.
Segments of DNA that code for proteins and determine traits
Genes are fundamental units of heredity.
Define alleles.
Different forms of a gene that exist at the same locus on homologous chromosomes
Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the genetic makeup; phenotype is the observable traits
Genotype influences phenotype but is not the sole determinant.
What is homozygous?
Having two identical alleles for a specific gene
Example: AA or aa.
What is heterozygous?
Having two different alleles for a specific gene
Example: Aa.
What are the parts of a sperm cell?
Head, neck, tail
The head contains genetic material; the tail aids in movement.
What are the major developmental changes during gestation?
Cell division, organ development, fetal growth
Gestation lasts approximately 266 days.
What is the structure and function of the placenta?
Organ that nourishes the fetus, provides oxygen, and removes waste
The placenta forms from the trophoblast and attaches to the endometrium.
What is the average length of a gestation period?
266 days
This is equivalent to about 9 months.
What are the stages of labor?
First stage: contractions and dilation; Second stage: birth; Third stage: placenta expulsion
Each stage involves specific physiological changes.
What is the difference between fetal circulation and adult circulation?
Fetal circulation bypasses the lungs; adult circulation involves lung function
The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are key structures in fetal circulation.
What major changes occur in an infant at birth?
Initiation of breathing, closure of foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
These changes adapt the infant to life outside the womb.
What are some important genetic diseases found in out-of-hospital care?
Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, hemophilia
These conditions may require immediate medical attention.
What type of cells contain a diploid number of chromosomes?
Body cells
Body cells have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.
How many chromosomes do sex cells contain?
23 chromosomes
Sex cells are haploid and include sperm and ovum.
What is the result of fertilization in terms of chromosome number?
46 chromosomes
23 chromosomes from the ovum and 23 from the sperm combine.
What are autosomes?
Chromosomes that carry genes coding for body proteins independent of sex
Body cells have autosomes in addition to sex chromosomes.
What are the two types of sex chromosomes?
X and Y
These chromosomes determine sex and other traits.
What is an allele?
A single gene contributed by one parent for a characteristic
Alleles can be dominant or recessive.
What distinguishes a dominant trait from a recessive trait?
A dominant trait is expressed with one or more dominant alleles; a recessive trait requires two recessive alleles
Dominance determines the phenotype.
What is a phenotype?
An observable characteristic of an organism
It results from genetic composition and environmental factors.
What is a genotype?
The genetic composition for a specific trait
It determines the potential phenotypes.
What did Gregor Mendel study?
The color of flowers in pea plants
His experiments established foundational principles of inheritance.
What was the outcome of Mendel’s F1 generation cross?
All offspring had red flowers
This showed the dominance of the red flower trait.
What was the expected ratio of red to white flowers in Mendel’s F2 generation?
3 red-flowered plants to 1 white-flowered plant
This ratio reflects Mendelian inheritance patterns.
What is a homozygous organism?
An organism with two identical alleles for a trait
Examples include rr or RR.
What is a heterozygous organism?
An organism with two different alleles for a trait
Example: Rr.
What is a genetic disease?
A hereditary condition resulting from genotypic abnormality
It leads to observable phenotypic findings.
What does it mean if an individual is in a carrier state?
They carry one copy of a recessive allele but do not express the phenotype
Carriers can pass on the allele to offspring.
What is a multifactorial disease?
A disease involving multiple genes and environmental factors
These factors together increase susceptibility to certain conditions.
What is a polygenic disease?
A disease involving multiple genes
The interplay of several genetic factors contributes to the condition.
