Cortez - Final review Flashcards
Baroreceptors what do they control?
Pressure change
Chemoreceptors what do they detect?
change in chemical
Nociceptors
are specialized sensory nerve endings that detect signals related to pain.
are specialized sensory receptors that detect your body’s position, movement, and balance — even without looking.
Proprioceptors
Total lung capacity adults?
6L, 3L per lung
Tidal volume?
Amount exhaled and inhaled
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
minute volume
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 min
external breathing
gas exchange between atmosphere and blood
internal breathing
cellular level
Anticonvulsants (9) examples
- Carbamazepine (Tegretol) –
- Phenytoin (Dilantin) –
- Valproic acid (Depakene) / Divalproex (Depakote) –
- Lamotrigine (Lamictal) –
- Levetiracetam (Keppra)
- Topiramate (Topamax) –
- Gabapentin (Neurontin)
- Phenobarbital – older med,
- Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
neuroglia
(mitosis) nourish, repair,
rough endoplasmic reticulum
is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells and plays a key role in protein synthesis and processing.
how do you size a King LT
pt height
how do you size a I gel
pt weight
brain tissue dies due to hypoxia after how much time
4-6min
Astrocytes
Responsible for..
1-Maintain the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
2-Regulate the Chemical Environment
3-Nourish Neurons:
are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) found in the central nervous system (CNS).
viral meningitis recovery timeline?
7-10 days
What type of muscle are cardiac cells?
striated
Diffuse anoxic cerebral injury
refers to widespread brain damage caused by a complete lack of oxygen (anoxia) to the brain. It’s a severe and often irreversible form of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Atelectasis
Collapsing of aveoli due to surfactant is disrupted or becomes unevenly distributed.
Melanocytes
specialized cells in the skin that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for:
Skin color
Hair color
Eye color
And protection against UV radiation
Kyphosis
is a spinal deformity characterized by an exaggerated forward rounding of the thoracic spine (upper back). It’s often described as a “humpback” or “roundback” appearance
Scoliosis
Definition: Lateral (side-to-side) curvature of the spine, often with rotation
Nicotinic effects
This stimulates the postganglionic neuron, which then releases norepinephrine (NE) or epinephrine (EPI) at the target organ.
Organophosphate poisioning
M - Mydriasis
T - Tachycardia
W - Weakness
H - Hypertension
F- Fasciculations - muscle twiches
In the ganglia, where the preganglionic neuron synapses with the postganglionic neuron, acetylcholine (ACh) binds to nicotinic receptors.
Muscarinic receptors
activated by acetylcholine (ACh).
When overstimulated — like in organophosphate poisoning (which prevents ACh breakdown) — we see a classic parasympathetic overreaction,
Epistaxis
Nose bleed
Nystagmus
is the medical term for involuntary, repetitive eye movements, which can be side-to-side (horizontal), up-and-down (vertical), or rotary (circular)
The Bends
is a common term for decompression sickness, a condition that occurs when dissolved gases (mostly nitrogen) come out of solution and form bubbles in the body during or after a rapid decrease in pressure
Ataxia
is a neurological condition characterized by a lack of muscle coordination that affects voluntary movements
Nitrogen narcosis
is a reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs when divers breathe nitrogen at high pressures, typically at depths below 30 meters (100 feet).
The pneumotaxic center (Upper pons)
the rate and pattern of respiration, Helps prevent lungs from over-inflating
Apneustic center (Lower Pons)
it plays a key role in controlling the depth and duration of breathing — especially inhalation
Hypercapnia
(also called hypercarbia) refers to an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood, usually due to inadequate ventilation
Arteriosclerosis
is a general term used to describe the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls.
Atherosclerosis
is a specific type of arteriosclerosis where fatty deposits (plaques) build up on the inner walls of arteries, leading to narrowing and stiffening of those arteries
HPA axis
| P = Pituitary gland → “Master gland” that signals the adrenal gland
| A = Adrenal glands → Sit on top of kidneys; produce stress hormones
H = Hypothalamus → Brain region that initiates the response
QRS should not exceed?
0.12 sec
PRI should not exceed ?
0.2sec
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
Peds BVM size
150-240cc
Approx adult bladder size
700-800ml
Hepatocytes
are the primary functional cells of the liver, making up about 80% of the liver’s mass.
They perform most of the liver’s essential functions, including detoxification, metabolism, storage, and bile production
The renal hilus (also called the renal hilum)
Where important structures enter and exit the kidney.
Renal Vein
Renal Artery
aorta
Ureter
Lymphatic vessels & nerves
Cardiac output equation
CO=SVxHR
Stroke Volume equation
SV=preload-afterload
3 salivary glands
1- parotids
2- Submandibular Glands
3-Sublingual Glands
Bulbourethral glands(Cowper’s gland)
Are part of the male reproductive system and play an important role in sexual function and fertility.
How do you size a LMA?
Pt weight
What is resting potential?
-70 mV
What is Depolarization?
A stimulus causes sodium (Na⁺) channels to open. Na⁺ rushes into the cell, making the inside more positive.
What is Repolarization?
Potassium (K⁺) channels open, K⁺ moves out, and the cell starts to return to a negative state.
What is Threshold potential?
-55mV
The threshold potential is the critical voltage level that a membrane must reach to trigger an action potential.
What type of transport is used during action potentials?
Active transport
what is required for active transport?
ATP
Function of the cerebellum?
1.Balance and posture
2.Coordination – Smooths out your movements
3.Fine motor control – Lets you do precise movements
4.Motor learning – Helps you learn new physical skills
Minor role in RR & HR
Function of the Medulla oblongata
Controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Function of the Pons (means bridge)
Breathing Regulation
-Works with the medulla oblongata to control the rhythm of breathing.
-the pons helps fine-tune and smooth out breathing patterns.
Relay Messages
-Sends information between the cortex (thinking brain) and cerebellum (movement coordination).
-Essential for movement, posture, and balance coordination.
Sleep and Arousal
-Plays a role in regulating sleep cycles, especially REM sleep.
-Helps you wake up or stay alert.
Facial Sensation and Movement
Houses cranial nerves V–VIII, which are involved in:
Functions of the Medulla Oblongata
1-Respiratory Control
-Regulates breathing rate and rhythm.
-Works with the pons to adjust depth and speed of breathing.
2-Cardiovascular Control
-Controls heart rate and blood pressure.
-Adjusts blood vessel diameter (vasodilation/constriction).
3-Reflex Centers
Swallowing
Coughing
Sneezing
Vomiting
Hiccupping
4-Motor and Sensory Pathways
Contains nerve tracts that pass signals between the brain and spinal cord.
Decussation (crossing over) of motor fibers happens here — this is why the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa.
5-Cranial Nerve Functions
Several cranial nerves (like IX, X, XI, and XII) arise from or pass through the medulla
Give me 3 examples of Hypovolemic Shock
Fluid loss
1-Bleeding
2-Burns
3-Dehydration
4-Metabolic shock (also considered dsitributive)
2 Examples of Cardiogenic Shock
1- MI
2-Arrhythmias
4 Examples of Obstructive Shock
1-PE
2-Tamponade
3- Pericarditis
4-Tension Pneumothorax
3 examples Distributive Shock
1- Sepsis
2- Anaphylaxis
3- Neurogenic
Function of the Diencephalon?
Contain two major parts
1. Hypothalamus
Body temperature regulation
Hunger and thirst
Sleep-wake cycles
Hormone control via the pituitary gland
Emotional responses (like fear, anger, pleasure)
2.Thalamus
Sensory Relay
Receives sensory information (except smell)
Example: Touch, pain, temperature, vision, hearing — all go through the thalamus.
Motor Signals Relay
Helps relay motor signals between the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex
Consciousness and Alertness
Pain Perception
Processes and relays pain signals to the cortex for interpretation.
Characteristics of the Cerebrum
1-Largest part of the brain
2- Contains 4 lobes
-Frontal Voluntary movement (motor control) , Decision-making, Problem-solving, Personality & behavior, Speech production (Broca’s area)
-Parietal Processing touch (pain, temperature, pressure), Body position awareness (proprioception), Understanding spatial relationships
-Temporal - Hearing, Language comprehension (Wernicke’s area),Memory storage, Emotion processing
-Occipital - vision
Can you give me 4 examples of Benzodiazepines?
- Diazepam- Valium
- Lorazepam - Ativan
- Alprazolam - Xanax
- Midazolam - Versed
how do Benzodiazepines act on the body?
Enhancing the effect of GABA (a calming neurotransmitter), helping to reduce anxiety, relax muscles, and promote sleep. They’re CNS depressants
What are Sympathomimetics?
Drugs that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system — also known as the “fight or flight” system
Alpha receptors – cause vasoconstriction (raises BP)
Beta-1 receptors – increase heart rate & contractility
Beta-2 receptors – relax bronchioles (open airways)
Epinephrine Cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis
Norepinephrine Shock, hypotension
Albuterol Asthma, bronchospasm
Dopamine Shock, heart failure
Phenylephrine Nasal decongestant, hypotension
Sympathomimetics -Which receptors do they specifically bind to?
Mu (μ) – Most pain relief & euphoria, but also slows breathing
Kappa (κ) – Pain relief, some sedation
Delta (δ) – Less understood, may help mood and pain
What are opioids?
Drugs that act on the nervous system to relieve pain. They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body.
Polysaccharides
Long chains of sugar molecules
— specifically, they’re complex carbohydrates made up of many monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose) linked together.
Monosaccharide
Is the simplest form of carbohydrate — it’s a single sugar molecule that serves as a basic building block for more complex sugars like disaccharides and polysaccharides
Via what process of metabolism is Polysaccharides broken down?
Catabolism
What is Catabolism?
crushes molecules to create energy
What is Anabolism?
assembles molecules using energy
What occurs to patients with Multiple Sclerosis?
immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath — the protective covering around nerve fibers (axons).
What is Meningitis?
Infection & inflammation of the meningeal mebrane
What is the approximate systolic blood pressure at the radial?
80
What is the approximate systolic blood pressure at the brachial?
70
What is the approximate systolic blood pressure at the carotid pulse point?
60
Cranial nerve I
Olfactory - Smell
Cranial nerve II
Optic - vision
Cranial nerve III
Oculomotor - Eye movement, pupil constriction
Cranial nerve IV
Trochlear - Eye movement
Cranial Nerve V
Trigeminal - Facial Sensation & chewing
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens - Eye movement
Cranial Nerve VII
Facial - Facial expression, taste, tears saliva
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibuloccochlear(Auditory) - Hearing + Balance
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal - Taste, swallowing, salivation
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus - Heart, lungs, digestion:swallowing, voice
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory - Shoulder and neck movement
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal - Tougue movement
Give me 3 examples of TCAs
1.Amitriptyline - Elavil
2.Nortriptyline - Pamelor, Aventyl
3. Imipramine - Tofranil
What is distinct characteristic of metabolic process of TCAs
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are metabolised 3 times by the liver, resulting in wide QRS complex.
In a 4 lead placement which leads are negative and which are positive?
Right Arm (RA) – White = Negative
Left Arm (LA) – Black = Positive & Negative
Right Leg (RL) – Green (ground)
Left Leg (LL) – Red = Positive
Where is Lead I
(RA) – White = Negative -> (LA) – Black = Positive
Where is Lead II
Right Arm (RA) – White = Negative -> Left Leg (LL) – Red = Positive
Where is Lead III
Left Arm (LA) – Black = Negative -> Left Leg (LL) – Red = Positive
S/S of TCA overdose
Eyes->Dilated pupils (mydriasis), blurred vision
Mouth->Dry mouth
Skin ->Flushed, hot, dry skin
GI/Bladder ->Urinary retention, decreased bowel sounds
Tachycardia (fast heart rate) – most common initial sign
Hypotension (low BP)
Prolonged QRS complex on ECG (>100 ms)
Ventricular arrhythmias
Cardiac arrest (in severe cases)
4 situations in which you would withhold resuscitation?
- DRIED
- Drowning longer than 90min
- DNR Goals of Care
- MCI
Normal Breathing drive triggered by what?
is triggered by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the blood.
COPD breathing drive?
Body begins to rely more on low oxygen (O₂) levels to stimulate breathing.
This is called the hypoxic drive.
They often have chronically high CO₂ levels (hypercapnia), so their brain becomes less sensitive to CO₂.
How will these following types of shock present?
Hypovolemic Shock (e.g. hemorrhage, dehydration, burns)
Distributive Shock (includes septic, anaphylactic, and neurogenic types)
Cardiogenic Shock (e.g. heart attack, arrhythmia)
Decreased blood pressure (BP)
Increased heart rate (HR)
Increased respiratory rate (RR)
Becks Triad (Cardiac tamponade)
- Hypotension
- JVD
- Muffled heart sounds
Cushing’s triad(TBI)
- Increased BP
- Decreased HR
- Absent or Irregular respirations(Cheyne Stokes)
Give me the points associated with LAMS score
Facial Droop 0 or 1 0 = Absent, 1 = Present
Arm Drift 0 to 2 0 = Normal, 1 = Drifts down, 2 = Falls rapidly
Grip Strength 0 to 2 0 = Normal, 1 = Weak, 2 = No grip
Why do we hyperventilate a patient with cerebral herniation?
Cerebral herniation to rapidly lower CO₂, which causes cerebral vasoconstriction, temporarily reducing brain swelling and IC.
Normal ICP
5-10mmHg
ICP in head injury
10-15 mmHg
What is the equation for Cerebral perfusion Pressure
CPP=MAP-ICP
High grade fever Vs. Low grade fever
High grade = Bacterial
Low grade = generally viral/early bacteria
Epiglottis vs Croup
Epiglottitis “Drooling and dying” – sudden, serious, no cough
Croup “Coughing and croaking” – barking cough, stridor, milder onset
Malaria S/S
viral or bacterial?
Protozoa (single-celled parasites)
General -> Fever (often cyclical), chills, sweating
Constitutional -> Fatigue, weakness, malaise
GI Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Neurological Headache, confusion, dizziness (especially in severe cases)
Musculoskeletal Muscle aches, joint pain
Respiratory Cough, difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
Hematologic Anemia, jaundice (due to red blood cell destruction)
Influenza S/S
viral or bacterial
Virus
fever, chills, headache, sore throat, cough, GI upset, muscle ache, fatigue
Meningitis S/S
viral or bacterial
Both viral and bacterial
fever, headache, neck stiffness, confusion,** photophobia, phonophobia**
Kernig’s Sign - lift leg
Brudzinski’s Sign - lifting head
Healthy female on birth control C/C of chest pain what should you suspect?
Pulmonary Embolism
DOPE nemonic
- Displacement
- Obstruction
- Pneumothorax
4.Equipment
Analgesia
Relief from pain
Anesthesia
Loss of sensation, may include loss of consciousness Used in surgeries to block all sensation, possibly render unconscious
Amnesia
Loss of memory (partial or complete) Often a side effect or intended effect of sedatives or anesthesia
Hypoglycaemia , fast or slow onset?
slow
Hyperglycaemia, fast or slow onset?
fast
Empathy
- The ability to identify and understand another person’s feelings, ideas, and circumstances.
Sympathy
- Sharing the feelings of others (especially feelings of sorrow or anguish)
Imminent Delivery Criteria(5)
- Contractions 2-4 min
- Crowning
- Perineal bulge
- Urge to bare down
- Mom says so
Obsetrics - 4 M’s
Meconium
Medication
Multipara
Maturity
ECGs bigeminy
Every other beat is a PVC
ECGs Trigeminy
Every third beat is a PVC
ECGs Couplets
Two PVCs in a row
ECGs Salvo
Three or more PVCs in a row (short VT run)
ECGs PRI should not exceed?
0.2 secs = 5 mini squares of .04secs
ECGs QRS should not exceed?
0.12 secs
ECGs P wave is caused by what?
DEPOLARIZATION of the atria
ECGs QRS is caused by what?
DEPOLARIZATION of the ventricles
ECGs ST is caused by what?
Ventricular REPOLARIZATION
Inverted T wave represents?
Ischemia
Depressed T wave represents?
Injury
Elevated T wave represents?
Infarction
Definitions - Sagittal
a plane that divides the body into
unequal portions
Definitions - Frontal
The front half of an object
Definitions - Tranverse
a line that divides an object into halves (up and down)
Solvent
something that has something else dissolved in it
Substances that does the dissolving
Solute
substance dissolved in a solution
96% of the human body is made of what 4 elements
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen
A major branch of the left coronary artery (LCA).Runs down the front (anterior) of the heart between the left and right ventricles in the interventricular groove
Often coined as the “widow maker”
LAD (Left Anterior Descending Artery)
Alberta Colleges of Paramedics what do they do?
registration, examination, competency, continuing education
Preload
Preload is the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (filling phase).
Afterload
The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole (contraction)
What is GAS?
General Adaptation Syndrome
3 phases
1. Alarm SNS releases Epi and NE
2. Resistance Release cortisol
3. Exhaustion - eventually catabolism leads to failure of body system -> death
Contraindication for BIAD
Airway burns
ingestion of caustic substances
esophageal varices
Diffuse anoxic injury
= brain injury caused by complete or near-complete absence of oxygen (anoxia) to the entire brain, typically lasting more than a few minutes.
Epidural Hematoma
Most commonly from a skull fracture that tears the middle meningeal artery.
Leads to arterial bleeding, which accumulates rapidly.
subdural hematoma
is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater (two layers of the meninges surrounding the brain). It’s usually due to venous bleeding and can be acute or chronic depending on the speed of onset
BVM no reservoir or supplied O2, how much O2 is being delivered
21%
BVM with with reservoir no supplied O2, how much O2 is being supplied?
40-60%
BVM with O2 and reservoir, how much O2 being supplied?
90-100%
Langerhans cells
are a type of immune cell found mainly in the skin and other epithelial tissues.
smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
is the cell’s lipid factory and detox center, helping make fats, break down toxins, and regulate calcium — especially active in liver and muscle cells
Schwann cells
Are a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They play a critical role in nerve function.
Wrap around axons to form the myelin sheath, which increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction
Merkel cells
are specialized sensory cells found in the epidermis (outer layer of the skin), particularly in areas that are highly sensitive to touch, like the fingertips, lips, and face.
Mitosis
results in two genetically identical diploid cells with 46 chromosomes each — used for normal body cell growth and repair.
Meiosis
creates 4 genetically different haploid gametes, each with 23 chromosomes — critical for maintaining the correct chromosome number after fertilization.
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Interphase – DNA replicates (not part of mitosis proper)
Prophase – Chromosomes condense, spindle forms
Metaphase – Chromosomes align in the middle
Anaphase – Sister chromatids pulled apart
Telophase – Two new nuclei form
Cytokinesis – Cell splits into two identical diploid cells
The Health Professions Act (HPA)
is a provincial law in Alberta that governs how regulated health professionals, including paramedics, are licensed, monitored, and held accountable to ensure public safety and quality care.
What is the distinction between the CNS and PNS?
The CNS is the brain and spinal cord — the control center.
The PNS includes all nerves outside the CNS — the messengers that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
What is the main distinction between Autonomic and Somatic?
Somatic = Voluntary
Autonomic = Involuntary
What is the distinction between Absolute & Relative shock ?
Absolute Shock = Actual loss of intravascular fluid of blood volume
i.e Hemorrhage, Severe dehydration, Burns
Relative Shock = No actual fluid loss, but the blood is redistributed or pooled, reducing effective circulation
i.e Sepsis, Anaphylaxis, Neurogenic
Beta 1 effects
Inotropic
Chrontropic
Dromotropic
Lusitropic
Stable angina
VS.
Unstable angina
VS.
Prinzmetal angina
Stable angina = Predictable chest pain with exertion, relieved by rest/nitro.
Unstable angina = Unpredictable, worse chest pain at rest; a warning sign of impending MI.
Prinzmetal angina = Chest pain at rest due to arterial spasm, not plaque; shows transient ST elevation but normal troponins.
Give me 4 Isotonic solutions?
1- 0.9% Sodium Chloride
2- Ringer’s Lactate
3- Ringers Solution
4- D5W when in the bag -> becomes hypo in the body
Give me examples of Hypertonic solutions
1- anything above .9% NS
2- D10W
3- D50W
Give me 3 examples of hypotonic solutions
1- anything below .9% NS
2- 2/3 1/3
3- D5W in the body
Cor Pulmonale
is right-sided heart failure due to chronic lung disease — most often seen in COPD — and results from long-term pulmonary hypertension
8 other reason RCHF can occur?
1-Left-Sided Heart Failure Most common cause overall — fluid backs up into the lungs → increases pressure → strains the right side
2-Valvular Heart Disease Especially tricuspid or pulmonary valve disease (e.g., stenosis, regurgitation)
3-Pulmonary Embolism (PE) Sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery increases right heart pressure
4-Myocarditis Inflammation of the heart muscle (viral, autoimmune) can affect the right ventricle
5-Right Ventricular MI Heart attack involving the right ventricle weakens its function
6-Congenital Heart Disease E.g., atrial or ventricular septal defects causing volume overload on the right side
7-Chronic Volume Overload From renal failure or excessive IV fluids (increasing venous return)
8-Pericardial Disease E.g., constrictive pericarditis can restrict right heart filling
What the difference between Assault and battery
Assault = “I’m going to hit you!” (Threat)
Battery = Actually hitting someone (Action)
Assault Threatening to treat a patient without consent
Battery Performing a procedure without the patient’s permission or consent
Gross negligence vs. negligence
Negligence Failure to act with reasonable care, resulting in unintended harm
Gross Negligence A severe or reckless disregard for safety, showing a lack of concern for consequences
functional unit of the liver?
Hepatocytes
Co2 dilator or constrictor ?
Dilator
O2 dilator or constrictor?
Constritor
Virchows Triad
- Hyper-coagulability
- Blood Stasis
- Vessel damage (Endothelial injury)
Anterior Pituitary Gland - 7 hormones
FLAT PEG
F – FSH Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulates egg/sperm production in ovaries/testes
L – LH Luteinizing Hormone Triggers ovulation; stimulates testosterone in males
A – ACTH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulates adrenal cortex → cortisol production
T – TSH Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4
P – Prolactin — Promotes milk production in mammary glands
E – (Ignored) — (Used as a spacer in the mnemonic)
G – GH Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, fat metabolism
Posterior Pituitary Gland - 2 Hormones
ADH Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) Promotes water reabsorption in kidneys → ↓ urine output, ↑ blood pressure
Oxytocin — Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding
Dementia
progressive loss of intellectual function.
Distinction between Heat Exhaustion & Heat Stroke
Heat Exhaustion Moderate Sweaty, tired, alert, normal temp
Heat Stroke Severe emergency Hot, altered mental status, ≥ 40°C
Umbilical cord has how many arteries and veins
2 arteries
1 vein
Do you wait on scene to deliver placenta?
No
Bartholin’s glands
in females are the embryological and functional counterparts to the male bulbourethral glands, both providing lubrication during sexual arousal.
TID
3x per day
QID
4x per day
BID
2x per day
Paresthesia
Numbness
Tingling
Pins and needles
Burning
Prickling
GI tract AKA
Alimentary Canal
Determining Flow rate
gtt/min=Volume x gtt/min
__________________
time
Parkland Formula
4cc x BSA% x Weight(kg)
_________________________
2
Why are Beta blockers prescribed?
Keeps HR & BP down
+ bronchoconstriction
What do calcium channel blockers do?
reduce blood pressure and heart workload by relaxing blood vessels and slowing cardiac conduction
What is TKVO?
To keep the vein open
150ml/hr
10 drop set = 25 drops per min
60 drop set = 150 drops per min
What % of oxygen will a patient get on a NRB?
40-60%
What % of oxygen will a patient get on a nasal cannula flowing at 1L/min?
24%
outer layer of the heart?
Epicardium also part of the pericardium
middle layer of the heart?
myocardium - muscle layer
innermost layer of the heart?
Endocardium
outer layer of the pericardium?
fibrous - anchors and protects
inner lining of the pericardium sac?
Parietal serous layer
inside layer of the pericardium?
Visceral serous layer
Cardiac Reserve
The ability of the heart to increase CO due to increased demand.
Corpus Callosum
is a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and share information.
