Final Review - LK Flashcards
What’s the difference between Peritonitis and Acites
What it is
Peritonitis-Inflammation/infection of peritoneum
Ascites -Fluid buildup in peritoneal cavity
Cause
Peritonitis - Infection, rupture, trauma
Ascites -Liver failure, cancer, CHF
S/S
Peritonitis - Pain, rigidity, fever, N/V
Ascites - Swelling, discomfort, breathing difficulty
Emergency?
Peritonitis - YES – requires urgent care
Ascites - NO (unless infected), managed medically
Cushings Triad?
1.Hypertension
Widening pulse pressure (high systolic, low/normal diastolic)
2.Bradycardia
Slow heart rate, often irregular
3.Irregular respirations
Cheyne-Stokes, ataxic breathing, or other abnormal patterns
Visceral pain
dull, cramping, poorly localized (organ-based)
GTPALM
G - Gravida - # of past pregnancies, including present one
T – Term – # of term babies born (not including present baby)
P – Pre-term – # of pre-term babies born, less than 37 weeks
A - Abortus – # of pregnancies resulting in abortion
L – Living - # of living children
M – Multi - # of multiple births
S/S of compensating shock?
Cardiovascular:
Tachycardia – fast heart rate (first major sign)
Cool, pale, clammy skin – due to peripheral vasoconstriction
Delayed capillary refill – especially in children
Weak, thready pulse – especially peripherally
Normal or slightly elevated blood pressure
Neurological:
Anxiety, restlessness, agitation – early signs of hypoxia to the brain
Altered mental status – may progress as perfusion worsens
Respiratory:
Increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) – to compensate for acidosis and hypoxia
S/S of decompensated shock?
Cardiovascular:
Hypotension – falling or low blood pressure (classic sign of decompensation)
Weak or absent peripheral pulses
Profound tachycardia (but can also slow before arrest)
Neurological:
Altered LOC – confusion, lethargy, unresponsiveness
Dizziness or syncope
Respiratory:
Tachypnea may progress to bradypnea or apnea
Shallow or irregular breathing
Skin:
Cold, pale, mottled, or cyanotic (especially lips, fingers)
Prolonged capillary refill or none at all
Diaphoresis (sweating) continues
Other:
Oliguria/anuria (low or no urine output)
Thirst, nausea, vomiting
Acidosis (often metabolic, leads to further cardiac instability)
AEIOUTIPS
A Alcohol Acidosis, Allergies (anaphylaxis)
E Epilepsy Electrolytes, Encephalopathy
I Insulin Hypoglycemia / Hyperglycemia, Inborn errors
O Overdose Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia), Opioids
U Uremia Urinary issues, Underdose (e.g., meds)
T Trauma Tumor, Temperature extremes (hypo/hyperthermia)
I Infection Intracranial infection (e.g., meningitis)
P Psychiatric Poisoning, Pain
S Stroke Shock, Seizure, Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Deadly Dozen Hidden 6
Aortic dissection
Tracheobronchial tears
Myocardial contusion
Pulmonary contusion
Esophageal tear
Diaphragmatic tear
Deadly Dozen Lethal 6
FBAO
Tension pneumothorax
Open pneumothorax
Massive hemothorax
Cardiac tamponade
Flail chest
4 lobes of the brain?
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
Function of the Frontal lobe?(5)
-Voluntary movement (motor cortex)
Speech production (Broca’s area – usually in the left hemisphere)
-Executive functions – decision-making, planning, judgment
-Emotional control and behavior
-Personality
Function of the Parietal?(3)
Sensory processing (touch, pain, temperature – somatosensory cortex)
Spatial awareness and body positioning
Mathematical and analytical thinking
Function of the Temporal lobe?(4)
Hearing (auditory cortex)
Language comprehension (Wernicke’s area – usually left side)
Memory formation (hippocampus)
Emotions
Function of the Occipital?(2)
Visual processing (primary visual cortex)
Interpreting visual stimuli – color, shape, motion
What are the modes of infection transfer?(infection control)(6)
1.Direct Contact – Person-to-person contact (e.g., touching, sexual contact, kissing)
Examples: colds, influenza, strep throat
- Indirect Contact – Transfer via objects (fomites)
Examples: bedding, door handles, syringes, equipment
Diseases: hepatitis B, AIDS
- Droplet Transmission – Large respiratory droplets within 1 meter
Examples: coughing, sneezing, talking
Diseases: influenza, colds
4.Airborne Transmission – Smaller droplets carried more than 1 meter
Diseases: tuberculosis, meningitis, SARS
5.Vehicle Transmission – Contaminated substances (e.g., food, water, blood)
Examples: AIDS via blood transfusion, salmonella via undercooked chicken
6.Vector Transmission – Through insects
Example: malaria from mosquitoes
4 types of tissues?
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial Tissue - Where are the simple squamous typically located?
Lines blood vessels/alveoli
Permits base exchange of
nutrients/wastes/gases
Epithelial Tissue - Where are stratified squamous typically located?(3)
- Outer layer of skin
- mouth
- vagina
Protects against abrasion, drying, infection
Epithelial Tissue - Where are simple cuboidal typically located?(2)
Lines kidney tubules and glands
Secretes/absorbs H2O and small molecules
Epithelial Tissue - Where are stratified cuboidal typically located?(1)
Lines ducts of sweat glands
Secretes H2O and salt
Epithelial Tissue - Where are Simple Columnar typically located?(1)
Lines most digestive organs
Secretes and reabsorbs H2O and small
molecules
Epithelial Tissue - Where are Stratified Columnar typically located?(3)
Lines epididymis, mammary glands, larynx
Secretes mucous
5 Sub-tissues types of Connective tissues?
1.Loose
2.Dense
3.Cartilage
4.Bone
5.Blood
3 Types of Muscle Tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
2 Types of Nervous tissue?
- Neurons
- Neuroglia
3 parts of a neuron?
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Axon
Neurons go through Mitosis after birth ? TRUE of FALSE
FALSE
What is the purpose of Schwann Cells?
Increase nerve transmission speed
What is the purpose of Astrocytes?
Form the blood brain barrier
3 layers of the skin?
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis (dont count this one)
Epidermis contains 4 accessory types of cells?
- Keratinocytes - Protects underlying tissues from light, heat, microbes, and many chemicals
- Melanocytes - Produces the pigment melanin
- Langerhans Cells - bone marrow and migrate to skin surface. Interact with “helper T-cells” in immune response.
- Merkels Cells - flattened portion of
a sensory neuron to function in the
sensation of touch
3 Functions of the Dermis?
- Composed of connective tissue containing
collagen and elastic fibres which maintain
strength, extensibility, and elasticity of the
skin - Blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair
follicles are embedded in the dermis
3.Contains nerve endings that are sensitive to
heat and cold
Hypodermis, tell me 4 things about it?
1.Subcutaneous layer
2.Not a true skin layer
3.Connects underlying muscle and bone to
skin
4.Nerve endings run through this layer into
dermis
5.Sensitive to pressure
Skeletal System - How many Axial bones?
80
Skeletal System - How many bones?
206
4 sections of the spine?
- Cervical (7)
- Thoracic (12)
- Lumbar(5)
- Sacral (5) fused
- Coccyx (4) fused
2 classifications for bones?
- Compact
- Spongy
5 Classification types for bones?
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
