Repro

Question 1

what types of estrogen are produced by the ovary, placenta, and adipose tissue?

Answer 1

Ovary: 17b estradiol
Placenta: estriol
Adipose tissue: estrone

Question 2

Compare the potency of types of estrogen

Answer 2

estradiol>estrone>estriol

Question 3

Describe the roles of the theca and granulosa cells in production of estrogen

Answer 3

Theca: converts cholesterol to andostrenedione with desmolase
granulosa: converts andtrostene dione to estrogen with aromatase

Question 4

What are progesterone levels expected to be during ovulation?

Answer 4

Low

Question 5

What are the roles of estrogen and progesterone in the growth of endometrium?

Answer 5

Estrogen- stimulates proliferation

Progesterone- maintains endometrium

Question 6

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle? How long are they?

Answer 6

Follicular=proliferative, varies in length

luteal=secretory; 14d

Question 7

on what day after fertilization does implantation occur?

Answer 7

6d

Question 8

What are the roles of different hormones in lactation?

Answer 8

Decr progesterone and estrogen- disinhibit lactation
Prolactin: induces and maintains lactation
oxytocin- assists in milk letdown

Question 9

What hormonal change is specific to menopause?

Answer 9

Incr FSH

Question 10

Where are the testosterones produced? Compare potency

Answer 10

DHT and testost- testis
androstenedione- adrenal
DHT>testosterone>androstenedione

Question 11

Finasteride

Answer 11

inhibits 5a-reductase, conversion of testosterone to DHT

Question 12

What converts testosterone to estrogen in males? where?

Answer 12

P450 aromatase

testis and adipose tissue

Question 13

How do you distinguish between primary hypogonadism vs hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

Answer 13

LH incr in primary, decr in HH

Question 14

What is the result of excess androgen exposure to a female?

Answer 14

female psuedohermphrodite- ovaries present but genitalia virlized or ambiguous

Question 15

What is the result of androgenic insensitivity in males?

Answer 15

male psuedohermphrodite- testes present, external genitalia female or ambiguous

Question 16

What does aromatase deficiency cause?

Answer 16

inability to synthesize estrogen from androgen

• masculinization of female
• virilization of mom

Question 17

What cells are involved to make complete vs partial mole

Answer 17

Complete: enucleate egg+ single sperm
partial: egg+ 2 sperm

Question 18

Describe hCG levels for partial and complete mole

Answer 18

greatly increased in complete; increased but not as much in partial

Question 19

Describe HELLP syndrome

Answer 19

Hemolysis
Elevated Liver enzymes
Low Platelets

Question 20

What is given to prevent seizure in preeclampsia

Answer 20

Mg sulfate

Question 21

What is the time frame for preeclampsia?

Answer 21

20th week of gestation to 6th week postpartum

<20wks suggests preeclampsia

Question 22

Define levels for polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios

Answer 22

polyhydramnios: >1.5-2L
oligohydramnios: <0.5L

Question 23

What do E6 and E7 do?

Answer 23

E6: inhibits p53
E7: inhibits RB supressor

Question 24

Treatment of endometritis

Answer 24

gentamicin and clindamicin

Question 25

What determines prognosis of endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 25

level of myometrial invasion

Question 26

What are estrogen, testosterone, FSH, LH, SHBG levels in PCOS

Answer 26

estrogen incr, LH incr, FSH incr (LH:FSH 3:1), testosterone incr, incr SHBG

Question 27

What cells are defective in PCOS

Answer 27

theca cells

Question 28

Describe Brenner tumor

Answer 28

looks like bladder, coffee bean nuclei

Question 29

What is Meigs syndrome

Answer 29

ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax

Question 30

What is a kruckenberg tumor?

Answer 30

metastasis of GI tumor to ovaries; signet cell

Question 31

What is the most common ovarian neoplasm in adolescents

Answer 31

dysgerminoma

Question 32

What ovarian tumours are associated with BRCA

Answer 32

serous cystadenocarcinoma

Question 33

What is the most common ovarian neoplasm

Answer 33

serous cystadenocarcinoma

Question 34

What are characteristic findings of serous cystadenocarcinoma

Answer 34

psammoma bodies | often bilateral

Question 35

What ovarian tumor is associated with Call-Exner bodies

Answer 35

granulosa cell tumor | resembles primordial follicles

Question 36

Where do choriocarcinomas often spread? how?

Answer 36

to lung, hematogenously

Question 37

Describe histological findings of dysgerminoma

Answer 37

sheets of uniform fried egg cells

Question 38

What type of cells produce cohroicarcinoma?

Answer 38

trophoblastic tissue

Question 39

What is sarcoma botyroides? What marker and population do you expect

Answer 39

spindle shaped tumors, desmin +, girls <4

Question 40

What histologic feature is associated with comedocarcinoma? What is it a subtype of?

Answer 40

central, caseous necrosis, subtype of DCIS

Question 41

Where is an intraductal papilloma usually located? how does it present?

Answer 41

beneath areola | serous or bloody nipple discharge

Question 42

What is a phyllodes tumor?

Answer 42

Benign, large bulky mass, leaf-like projections

Question 43

Describe histology of Paget cells

Answer 43

large cells in epidermis with clear halo, underlying DCIS

Question 44

What breast tumor is associated with microcalcifications

Answer 44

DCIS

Question 45

What breast cancer type presents with flesh, cellular, lymphcytic infiltrate?

Answer 45

Medullary

Question 46

What pathogen most often causes acute mastitis?

Answer 46

s. aureus

Question 47

What is cryptorchidsm?

Answer 47

undescended testis

Question 48

What veins are dilated in varicocele?

Answer 48

pampiniform plexus

Question 49

What side is most common for a varicocele?

Answer 49

Left side

Question 50

What lobe is most likely affected by prostatic adeoncarcinoma?

Answer 50

posterior lobe

Question 51

What is the most common testicular cancer in older men?

Answer 51

lymphoma (metastasizes)

Question 52

What testicular tumor is associated with Reinke crystals?

Answer 52

Leydig cell tumor

Question 53

Testicular tumor presents with malignant, hemorrhagic mass with necrosis; often glandular/papillary morphology

Answer 53

embryonal carcinoma

Question 54

What testicular tumor is associated with schiller-duval bodies?

Answer 54

yolk-sac tumor

Question 55

What testicular tumor is associated with a "fried egg" appearance and increased placental ALP

Answer 55

seminoma