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Repro Flashcards

1
Q

what types of estrogen are produced by the ovary, placenta, and adipose tissue?

A

Ovary: 17b estradiol
Placenta: estriol
Adipose tissue: estrone

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2
Q

Compare the potency of types of estrogen

A

estradiol>estrone>estriol

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3
Q

Describe the roles of the theca and granulosa cells in production of estrogen

A

Theca: converts cholesterol to andostrenedione with desmolase
granulosa: converts andtrostene dione to estrogen with aromatase

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4
Q

What are progesterone levels expected to be during ovulation?

A

Low

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5
Q

What are the roles of estrogen and progesterone in the growth of endometrium?

A

Estrogen- stimulates proliferation

Progesterone- maintains endometrium

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6
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle? How long are they?

A

Follicular=proliferative, varies in length

luteal=secretory; 14d

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7
Q

on what day after fertilization does implantation occur?

A

6d

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8
Q

What are the roles of different hormones in lactation?

A

Decr progesterone and estrogen- disinhibit lactation
Prolactin: induces and maintains lactation
oxytocin- assists in milk letdown

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9
Q

What hormonal change is specific to menopause?

A

Incr FSH

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10
Q

Where are the testosterones produced? Compare potency

A

DHT and testost- testis
androstenedione- adrenal
DHT>testosterone>androstenedione

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11
Q

Finasteride

A

inhibits 5a-reductase, conversion of testosterone to DHT

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12
Q

What converts testosterone to estrogen in males? where?

A

P450 aromatase

testis and adipose tissue

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13
Q

How do you distinguish between primary hypogonadism vs hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

A

LH incr in primary, decr in HH

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14
Q

What is the result of excess androgen exposure to a female?

A

female psuedohermphrodite- ovaries present but genitalia virlized or ambiguous

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15
Q

What is the result of androgenic insensitivity in males?

A

male psuedohermphrodite- testes present, external genitalia female or ambiguous

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16
Q

What does aromatase deficiency cause?

A

inability to synthesize estrogen from androgen

  • masculinization of female
  • virilization of mom
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17
Q

What cells are involved to make complete vs partial mole

A

Complete: enucleate egg+ single sperm
partial: egg+ 2 sperm

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18
Q

Describe hCG levels for partial and complete mole

A

greatly increased in complete; increased but not as much in partial

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19
Q

Describe HELLP syndrome

A

Hemolysis
Elevated Liver enzymes
Low Platelets

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20
Q

What is given to prevent seizure in preeclampsia

A

Mg sulfate

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21
Q

What is the time frame for preeclampsia?

A

20th week of gestation to 6th week postpartum

<20wks suggests preeclampsia

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22
Q

Define levels for polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios

A

polyhydramnios: >1.5-2L
oligohydramnios: <0.5L

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23
Q

What do E6 and E7 do?

A

E6: inhibits p53
E7: inhibits RB supressor

24
Q

Treatment of endometritis

A

gentamicin and clindamicin

25
Q

What determines prognosis of endometrial carcinoma?

A

level of myometrial invasion

26
Q

What are estrogen, testosterone, FSH, LH, SHBG levels in PCOS

A

estrogen incr, LH incr, FSH incr (LH:FSH 3:1), testosterone incr, incr SHBG

27
Q

What cells are defective in PCOS

A

theca cells

28
Q

Describe Brenner tumor

A

looks like bladder, coffee bean nuclei

29
Q

What is Meigs syndrome

A

ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax

30
Q

What is a kruckenberg tumor?

A

metastasis of GI tumor to ovaries; signet cell

31
Q

What is the most common ovarian neoplasm in adolescents

A

dysgerminoma

32
Q

What ovarian tumours are associated with BRCA

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

33
Q

What is the most common ovarian neoplasm

A

serous cystadenocarcinoma

34
Q

What are characteristic findings of serous cystadenocarcinoma

A

psammoma bodies

often bilateral

35
Q

What ovarian tumor is associated with Call-Exner bodies

A

granulosa cell tumor

resembles primordial follicles

36
Q

Where do choriocarcinomas often spread? how?

A

to lung, hematogenously

37
Q

Describe histological findings of dysgerminoma

A

sheets of uniform fried egg cells

38
Q

What type of cells produce cohroicarcinoma?

A

trophoblastic tissue

39
Q

What is sarcoma botyroides? What marker and population do you expect

A

spindle shaped tumors, desmin +, girls <4

40
Q

What histologic feature is associated with comedocarcinoma? What is it a subtype of?

A

central, caseous necrosis, subtype of DCIS

41
Q

Where is an intraductal papilloma usually located? how does it present?

A

beneath areola

serous or bloody nipple discharge

42
Q

What is a phyllodes tumor?

A

Benign, large bulky mass, leaf-like projections

43
Q

Describe histology of Paget cells

A

large cells in epidermis with clear halo, underlying DCIS

44
Q

What breast tumor is associated with microcalcifications

A

DCIS

45
Q

What breast cancer type presents with flesh, cellular, lymphcytic infiltrate?

A

Medullary

46
Q

What pathogen most often causes acute mastitis?

A

s. aureus

47
Q

What is cryptorchidsm?

A

undescended testis

48
Q

What veins are dilated in varicocele?

A

pampiniform plexus

49
Q

What side is most common for a varicocele?

A

Left side

50
Q

What lobe is most likely affected by prostatic adeoncarcinoma?

A

posterior lobe

51
Q

What is the most common testicular cancer in older men?

A

lymphoma (metastasizes)

52
Q

What testicular tumor is associated with Reinke crystals?

A

Leydig cell tumor

53
Q

Testicular tumor presents with malignant, hemorrhagic mass with necrosis; often glandular/papillary morphology

A

embryonal carcinoma

54
Q

What testicular tumor is associated with schiller-duval bodies?

A

yolk-sac tumor

55
Q

What testicular tumor is associated with a “fried egg” appearance and increased placental ALP

A

seminoma

Step 1 (34 decks)

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