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Step 1 > Pharmacology for Neuro > Flashcards

Pharmacology for Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What classes of drugs can be used to treat glaucoma? (5)

A 
a-agonists
b-blockers
diuretics
cholinomimetics
prostaglandin
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2
Q

When is epinephrine contraindicated for treating glaucoma?

A

Do not use for closed-angle glaucoma

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3
Q

What med should be used emergently to treat glaucoma?

A

Pilocarpine- very effective at opening meshwork into canal of schlemm

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4
Q

What drug used to treat glaucoma can cause darkening of the iris?

A

latanoprost (FGF2a- prostaglandin)

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5
Q

Morphine

A

Opioid analgesic

mu opioid receptor

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6
Q

Enkephalin

A

Opioid analgesic

delta opioid receptor

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7
Q

Dynorphin

A

Opioid analgesic

kappa opioid receptor

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8
Q

What opioid analgesics are used to treat diarrhea?

A

Loperamide, diphenoxylate

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9
Q

What opioid analgesics are used as a cough suppressant?

A

dextromethorphan

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action of opioid analgesics?

A

modulate synaptic transmission (decr K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels)
inhibit release of ACh, norepinephrine, 5-HT, gultamate, substance P

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11
Q

What treats toxicity of opioid analgesics?

A

naloxone or naltrexone

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12
Q

What are two side effects of opioid analgesics that do not result in tolerance?

A

miosis and costipation

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13
Q

Butorphanol

A

mu-opioid receptor partial agonist and kappa-opioid receptor agonist

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14
Q

What is the advantage of butorphanol over full opioid agonists?

A

causes less respiratory depression

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15
Q

Tramodol

A

very weak opioid agonist; also inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake

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16
Q

What is an important side effect of tramodol

A

decreases seizure threshold

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17
Q

Mechanism of ethoxusimide

A

blocks thalamic T-type Ca2+ channels

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18
Q

What drugs are used to treat absence seizures

A

ethosuximide, valproic acid, lamotigrine

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19
Q

What drugs are used to treat status epilepticus?

A

diazepam, lorazepam, phenytoin

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20
Q

What is the first line treatment for simple seizures?

A

Carbamazepine

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21
Q

What is the first line treatment for complex seizures?

A

Carbamazepine

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22
Q

What is the first line treatment for tonic-clonic treatment?

A

Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid

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23
Q

What is the mechanism of phenytoin?

A

incr Na+ channel inactivation

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24
Q

What is the mechanism of carbamazepine?

A

Incr Na+ channel inactivation

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of valproic acid?

A

Incr Na+ channel inactivation, incr GABA conc by inhibiting GABA transaminase

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26
Q

What is the mechanism of benzodiazepines?

A

incr GABAA action by incr frequency of Cl- channel opening

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of barbiturates?

A

facilitate GABAa action by incr duration of Cl- channel opening, decr neuron firing

28
Q

With what disease are barbiturates contraindicated?

A

porphyria

29
Q

What is used to treat overdose of benzodiazepines?

A

flumazenil

30
Q

Zolpidem

A

nonbenziodiazepine hypnotic

used to treat insomnia

31
Q

Zaleplon

A

nonbenziodiazepine hypnotic

used to treat insomnia

32
Q

eszopiclone

A

nonbenziodiazepine hypnotic

used to treat insomnia

33
Q

What are is the mechanism of nonbenziodiazepine hypnotics?

A

act via BZ1 subtype of GABA receptor

34
Q

Compare the induction and potency of N20 and halothane and how these relate to blood and lipid solubility

A

N20- decr blood and lipid solubility; fast induction, low potency
Halothane- incr lipid and blood solubility; high potency, slow induction

35
Q

What is an important side effect of halothane?

A

hepatotoxicity

36
Q

What is an important side effect of methoxyflurane?

A

nephrotoxicity

37
Q

What is an important side effect of enflurane?

A

proconvlusant

38
Q

What is an important side effect of nitrous oxide?

A

expansion of trapped gas in a body cavity

39
Q

What is a life threatening complication of inhaled anesthetics? How is this treated?

A

malignant hyperthermia

dantrolene

40
Q

What IV anesthetic is commonly used for induction of anesthesia and for short surgical procedures?

A

thiopental (barbiturate)

41
Q

What is the mechanism of propofol?

A

potentiates GABAa

42
Q

What is the mechanism of ketamine as an IV anesthetic?

A

Blocks NMDA receptors

43
Q

What IV anesthetic causes isorientation, hallucination, bad dreams?

A

propofol

44
Q

What IV anesthetic is commonly used for endoscopy?

A

midazolam (benzo)

45
Q

Give examples of ester vs amide local anesthetics

A

Ester- procaine, cocaine, tetracaine

amide- lidocaine, mepivacaine, bupivacaine (amide= 2 I’s)

46
Q

What local anesthetic causes severe cardiovascular toxicity?

A

bupivacaine

47
Q

In what order are nerve fibers lost by local anesthetics?

A

pain
temp
touch
pressure

48
Q

What is the mechanism of local anesthetics?

A

block Na+ channels by binding specific receptors in inner portion of channel. Preferentially bind activated Na+ channels (most effective in rapidly firing neurons)

49
Q

Succinylcholine

A

depolarizing neuromusc blocking drug

50
Q

What are the side effects of succinylcholine?

A

hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia

51
Q

What are the two phases of blockade for succinycholine?

A

Phase I: prolonged depolarization

Phase II: repolarized but blocked; ACh receptors are available but desnsitized

52
Q

Dantrolene

A

used to treat malignant hyperthermia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome
prevents release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle

53
Q

Tubocuranine, atrocurium…

A

nondepolarizing neuromusc blocking drugs

54
Q

What is the mechanism of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs

A

competitive antagonist, compete with ACh for receptors

55
Q

Bromocriptine

A

ergot dopamine agonist

used to treat parkinsons

56
Q

Pramipexole

A

non-ergot dopamine agonist

used to treat parkinsons

57
Q

ropinirole

A

non-ergot dopamine agonist

used to treat parkinsons

58
Q

Amatadine

A

increases dopamine release, used to treat parkinson (also works against influenza A and rubella)

59
Q

What is the toxicity of amatadine?

A

ataxia

60
Q

levodopa/caribidopa

A

dopamine analog

passes BBB and converted to dopamine in CNS

61
Q

selegiline

A

prevents dopamine breakdown (selective MAO type B inhib) treat parkinson

62
Q

benzotropine

A

antimuscarinic, improves tremor and rigidity but little effect on bradykinesia
used to treat Parkinson’s

63
Q

Memantine

A

NMDA receptor antagonist

used to treat Alzheimers

64
Q

Donepezil

A

AChE inhibitor

used to treat Alzheimer

65
Q

Galantamine

A

AChE inhibitor

used to treat Alzheimer

66
Q

Rivastigmine

A

AChE inhibitor

used to treat Alzheimer

67
Q

Sumatriptan

A

5-HT1B/1D agonist; inhibits tigeminal nerve activation

treats acute migraine and cluster headache attacks

Step 1 (34 decks)

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