Muscskl/skin- pathology

Question 1

What development process and gene are defective in achodroplasia? What is inheritance?

Answer 1

endochondral ossification
FGFR3
Aut dom

Question 2

What are the cause of type I vs type II osteoporosis?

Answer 2

Type I: postmenopausal women

Type II: senile osteoporosis (men + women >70)

Question 3

What types of fractures are common for type I osteoporosis?

Answer 3

femoral neck, distal radius

Question 4

What can cure osteopetrosis?

Answer 4

bone marrow transplant

Question 5

What is defective in osteopetrosis?

Answer 5

osteoclasts, eg carbonic anhydrase mutation

Question 6

What is increased in osteomalacia? why?

Answer 6

ALP incr

hyperactivity of osteoblasts

Question 7

How is the heart affected by Paget disease?

Answer 7

incr blood flow, incr atriovenous shunts

may result in high-output heart failure

Question 8

What are the stages (4) of paget’s disease?

Answer 8

lytic-osteoclasts
mixed-osteoclast + osteoblast
sclerotic- osteoblasts
quiescent

Question 9

What tumor is located on the epihyseal end of long bone

Answer 9

Giant cell tumor

Question 10

What bone tumor presents as a soap bubble on xray?

Answer 10

giant cell tumor

Question 11

Where are osteosarcomas typically located?

Answer 11

metaphysis of long bone

around knee

Question 12

What bone tumor presents as an “onion skin” appearance in bone?

Answer 12

ewing sarcoma

Question 13

What transolcation is associated with Ewing Sarcoma?

Answer 13

11;22

Question 14

What bone tumor presents as a glistening mass within the medullary cavity?

Answer 14

chondrosarcoma

Question 15

What is an osteochondroma?

Answer 15

lateral projection of growth plate

mature bone with cartilaginous cap

Question 16

What is Ewing Sarcoma derived from? What is appearance on histo?

Answer 16

neuroectoderm

anaplastic small blue cells

Question 17

Which joints are involved in osteoarthritis vs rhematoid arthritis?

Answer 17

osteoarthritis- doesnt affect MCP

rheumatoid arthritis- doesnt affect DIP

Question 18

What type of deviations are seen with RA?

Answer 18

ulnar deviation, subluxation

Question 19

Where are heberden and bouchard nodes found?

Answer 19

Heberden- DIP

Bouchard- PIP

Question 20

Compare how ostearthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are affected by use/rest

Answer 20

osteoarthrits- improves with rest

rheumatoid arthritis- improves with use

Question 21

Presents with xerophthalmia, xerostomia, bilateral parotid enlargement

Answer 21

sjogren

Question 22

What is podagra?

Answer 22

painful MTP joint of big toe- gout

Question 23

What is Libman-Sacks endocarditis?

Answer 23

wart-like vegetations on both sides of valve

assoc with SLE

Question 24

What type of immune reaction is associated with lupus nephritis?

Answer 24

Type III hypersensitivity

Question 25

Compare the crystals associated with pseudogout vs gout

Answer 25

gout needle-like, yellow with parallel light | pseudogout- rhomboid, blue with parallel light

Question 26

What joints are typically affected by psuedogout?

Answer 26

large joints, eg knee

Question 27

Presents with ankylosis, uveitis, aortic regurg

Answer 27

ankylosing spondylitis

Question 28

What presents with conjuctivitis, urethritis, arthritis?

Answer 28

Reiter syndrome | reactive arthritis

Question 29

What are the most common causes of death in SLE?

Answer 29

cardiovascular disease infection renal disease

Question 30

What are antihistone antibodies specific for?

Answer 30

drug-induced lupus

Question 31

What lupus antibodies are specific and prognostic for renal disease?

Answer 31

Anti-dsDNA

Question 32

What presents with widespread noncaseating granulomas and elevated serum ACE levels?

Answer 32

sarcoidosis

Question 33

What presents with pain and stiffness in shoulders and hips but no muscle weakness

Answer 33

polymyalgia rheumatica

Question 34

What is the treatment for fibromylagia?

Answer 34

exercise | antidepressants (TCAs, SNRIs), anticonvulsants

Question 35

What is assocaited with heliotrope rash?

Answer 35

dermatomyositis

Question 36

Compare inflammation for polymyositis vs dermatmyositis?

Answer 36

polymyositis: CD8+ T cells, endomysial inflamm dermatomyositis: perimysial, CD4+ T cells

Question 37

What are autoantibodies against in myasthenia gravis vs Lambert-eaton?

Answer 37

MG: postsynaptic ACh receptor LE: presynapbtic Ca2+ channel

Question 38

Presents as ptosis, diplopia, muscle weakness | worsens with muscle use

Answer 38

Myasthenia gravis

Question 39

Presents as proximal muscle weakness, dry mouth, impotence | improves with use

Answer 39

Lambert-eaton

Question 40

What antibodies are associated with diffuse vs limited (CREST) scleroderma?

Answer 40

diffuse: scl-70 limited: anticentromere

Question 41

What epidermal layer is expanded in acanthosis?

Answer 41

spinosum layer

Question 42

What is the leser-trelat sign?

Answer 42

sudden appearance of multiple seborrheic keratoses- indicative of underlying GI maligniancy

Question 43

What is the Auspitz sign?

Answer 43

pinpoint bleed after scraping off of plaques | indicative of psoriasis

Question 44

What epidermal layers are altered in psoriasis?

Answer 44

incr spinosum, decr granulosum

Question 45

What antibodies are present in bullous pemphigoid vs pemphigus vulgarous?

Answer 45

PV- desmoglein, desmosome | BP- hemidesmosome

Question 46

How is TEN distinguished from Steven-Johnson?

Answer 46

TEN: >30% of body

Question 47

What presents with multiple type of lesions that look like targets with multiple rings and a dusky center?

Answer 47

Erythema multiforme

Question 48

What infections and drugs typically cause erythema multiforme?

Answer 48

Infxn: HSV, M tb drug: sulfa, blactam, phenytoin

Question 49

What conditions are acanthosis nigricans associated with?

Answer 49

malignancy, hyperinsulinemia

Question 50

What is associated with a "herald patch" and "christmas tree" pattern?

Answer 50

pityriasis rosea

Question 51

Presents as a sawtooth infiltrate of lymphocytes and dermal-epidermal jxn

Answer 51

lichen planus

Question 52

What infection is lichen planus associated with?

Answer 52

Hep C

Question 53

What type of UV causes sunburn?

Answer 53

UVB

Question 54

What tumor marker is associated with melanoma?

Answer 54

S100