Muscskl/skin- pathology Flashcards
What development process and gene are defective in achodroplasia? What is inheritance?
endochondral ossification
FGFR3
Aut dom
What are the cause of type I vs type II osteoporosis?
Type I: postmenopausal women
Type II: senile osteoporosis (men + women >70)
What types of fractures are common for type I osteoporosis?
femoral neck, distal radius
What can cure osteopetrosis?
bone marrow transplant
What is defective in osteopetrosis?
osteoclasts, eg carbonic anhydrase mutation
What is increased in osteomalacia? why?
ALP incr
hyperactivity of osteoblasts
How is the heart affected by Paget disease?
incr blood flow, incr atriovenous shunts
may result in high-output heart failure
What are the stages (4) of paget’s disease?
lytic-osteoclasts
mixed-osteoclast + osteoblast
sclerotic- osteoblasts
quiescent
What tumor is located on the epihyseal end of long bone
Giant cell tumor
What bone tumor presents as a soap bubble on xray?
giant cell tumor
Where are osteosarcomas typically located?
metaphysis of long bone
around knee
What bone tumor presents as an “onion skin” appearance in bone?
ewing sarcoma
What transolcation is associated with Ewing Sarcoma?
11;22
What bone tumor presents as a glistening mass within the medullary cavity?
chondrosarcoma
What is an osteochondroma?
lateral projection of growth plate
mature bone with cartilaginous cap
What is Ewing Sarcoma derived from? What is appearance on histo?
neuroectoderm
anaplastic small blue cells
Which joints are involved in osteoarthritis vs rhematoid arthritis?
osteoarthritis- doesnt affect MCP
rheumatoid arthritis- doesnt affect DIP
What type of deviations are seen with RA?
ulnar deviation, subluxation
Where are heberden and bouchard nodes found?
Heberden- DIP
Bouchard- PIP
Compare how ostearthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are affected by use/rest
osteoarthrits- improves with rest
rheumatoid arthritis- improves with use
Presents with xerophthalmia, xerostomia, bilateral parotid enlargement
sjogren
What is podagra?
painful MTP joint of big toe- gout
What is Libman-Sacks endocarditis?
wart-like vegetations on both sides of valve
assoc with SLE
What type of immune reaction is associated with lupus nephritis?
Type III hypersensitivity
Compare the crystals associated with pseudogout vs gout
gout needle-like, yellow with parallel light
pseudogout- rhomboid, blue with parallel light
What joints are typically affected by psuedogout?
large joints, eg knee
Presents with ankylosis, uveitis, aortic regurg
ankylosing spondylitis
What presents with conjuctivitis, urethritis, arthritis?
Reiter syndrome
reactive arthritis
What are the most common causes of death in SLE?
cardiovascular disease
infection
renal disease
What are antihistone antibodies specific for?
drug-induced lupus
What lupus antibodies are specific and prognostic for renal disease?
Anti-dsDNA
What presents with widespread noncaseating granulomas and elevated serum ACE levels?
sarcoidosis
What presents with pain and stiffness in shoulders and hips but no muscle weakness
polymyalgia rheumatica
What is the treatment for fibromylagia?
exercise
antidepressants (TCAs, SNRIs), anticonvulsants
What is assocaited with heliotrope rash?
dermatomyositis
Compare inflammation for polymyositis vs dermatmyositis?
polymyositis: CD8+ T cells, endomysial inflamm
dermatomyositis: perimysial, CD4+ T cells
What are autoantibodies against in myasthenia gravis vs Lambert-eaton?
MG: postsynaptic ACh receptor
LE: presynapbtic Ca2+ channel
Presents as ptosis, diplopia, muscle weakness
worsens with muscle use
Myasthenia gravis
Presents as proximal muscle weakness, dry mouth, impotence
improves with use
Lambert-eaton
What antibodies are associated with diffuse vs limited (CREST) scleroderma?
diffuse: scl-70
limited: anticentromere
What epidermal layer is expanded in acanthosis?
spinosum layer
What is the leser-trelat sign?
sudden appearance of multiple seborrheic keratoses- indicative of underlying GI maligniancy
What is the Auspitz sign?
pinpoint bleed after scraping off of plaques
indicative of psoriasis
What epidermal layers are altered in psoriasis?
incr spinosum, decr granulosum
What antibodies are present in bullous pemphigoid vs pemphigus vulgarous?
PV- desmoglein, desmosome
BP- hemidesmosome
How is TEN distinguished from Steven-Johnson?
TEN: >30% of body
What presents with multiple type of lesions that look like targets with multiple rings and a dusky center?
Erythema multiforme
What infections and drugs typically cause erythema multiforme?
Infxn: HSV, M tb
drug: sulfa, blactam, phenytoin
What conditions are acanthosis nigricans associated with?
malignancy, hyperinsulinemia
What is associated with a “herald patch” and “christmas tree” pattern?
pityriasis rosea
Presents as a sawtooth infiltrate of lymphocytes and dermal-epidermal jxn
lichen planus
What infection is lichen planus associated with?
Hep C
What type of UV causes sunburn?
UVB
What tumor marker is associated with melanoma?
S100
