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Micro- System and Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common microbe in the colon?

A

B. fragilis

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2
Q

Commonly contaminates reheated meat dishes

A

C. perfingens

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3
Q

What causes psuedoappendicitis?

A

Y. enterocolitica (contam milk, daycare)

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4
Q

What kind of protozoan can cause bloody diarrhea?

A

E. histolytica

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5
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis for all age groups but newborns, teens?

A

S. pneumoniae

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis in teens?

A

N. menigitidis

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7
Q

What is a common cause of meningitis in unimmunized children?

A

H. flu

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of osteomyleitis in diabetics and IVDU?

A

pseudomonas, serratia

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9
Q

What is the most common cause of osteomyelitis for cat and dog bits?

A

Pasteurella multocida

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10
Q

What type of UTI bug is associated with struvite stones?

A

Proteus mirabilis

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11
Q

What are 2 examples of urease+ UTI buts?

A

proteus, klebsiella

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12
Q

Congenital infection associated with PDA, cataracts, deafness

A

rubella

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13
Q

Congenital infection associated with hearing loss, seizure, petechial rash

A

CMV

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14
Q

Presents as vesicular rash on palms and soles; vesicles and ulcers in oral mucosa; common in children

A

Coxsackievirus type A

Hand-foot-mouth disease

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15
Q

Presents as erythematous, sandpaper-like rash with fever and sore throat

A

S. pyogenes

scarlet fever

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16
Q

Vesicular rash begins on trunk; spreads to face and extremities with lesions of different ages; common in children

A

chickenpox

VZV

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17
Q

Painful genital ulcer, inguinal adenopathy

A

chancroid

H. ducreyi

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18
Q

What is Hugh-Curtis syndrome

A

Infection of the liver capsule due to PID

“violin string” adhesions of peritoneum to liver

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19
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of nosocomial infeciton?

A

E coli- UTI

S. aureus- wound infection

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20
Q

What is a common infection associated with respiratory therapy equipment?

A

P. aeruginosa

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21
Q

Pneumonia with “currant jelly” sputum

A

Klebsiella

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22
Q

Infection of health care provider

A

HBV

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23
Q

Branching rods in oral infections

A

Actinomcyces israelii

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24
Q

What are toxicities of Penicillin G, V?

A

hypersensitivity, hemolytic anemia

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25
What do Penicillin G, V cover?
``` gram pos (strep, actinomyces) also N. menigitidis, T. pallidum ```
26
What do ampicillin, amoxicillin cover?
``` HELPSS kill enterococci H. flu E. coli Listeria Proteus Salmonella Shigella ```
27
What penicillins can be used to treat S. aureus?
Oxacillin Dicloxacillin Nafcillin
28
What antibiotic causes interstitial nephritis?
Nafcillin
29
What penicillins can be used to treat Pseudomonas?
Ticarcillin | Piperacillin
30
Sulbactam
B lactamase inhibitor
31
Tazobactam
B lactamase inhibitor
32
Oxacillin
S. aureus penicillin
33
Dicloxacillin
S. aureus penicillin
34
Ticarcillin
Pseudomonas penicillin
35
Piperacillin
Pseudomonas penicillin
36
What organisms are covered by first generation cephalosporins?
PEcK (+GPC) Proteus E. coli Klebsiella
37
What organisms are covered by second generation cepahlosporins?
``` HEN PEcKS (+GPC) H flu Enterobacter aerogenes Neisseria Proteus E coli Klebsiella ```
38
What are 3rd generation cephalosporins used for?
serious gram neg infecitons Ceftriaxone- meningtis and gonorrhea Ceftazidime- pseudomonas
39
What are 4th generation cephaolsporins cover? What is the 4th gen cephalosporin?
Pseudomonas and GP | cefepine
40
What do 5th generation cephalosporins cover? | What is the 5th gen cephalosporin?
broad spectrum GP, GN including MRSA doesnt cover Pseudomonas Ceftaroline
41
What are important toxicities of cephalosporins?
Hypersensitivity, Vit K def | nephrotoxicity
42
What are the first generation cephalosporins
Cephalexin | Cefazolin
43
What are the 2nd generation cephalosporins
Cefuroxime Cefaclor Cefoxitin
44
What are the 3rd generation cephaolsporins?
Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Ceftriaxone
45
Aztreonam- mechanism and use
monobactam (resistant to blactamases) | GNR only, penicillin allergy and renal insufficiency
46
What must imipenem be coadminstered with? Why?
Cilastatin | decr inactivation of drug in renal tubules
47
What are the toxicities of carbapenems?
GI distress, skin rash, CNS toxicity
48
Meropenem- what is advantage?
carbapenem | decr risk of seizure, stable to renal dehydropeptidase I
49
What is the coverage of carbapenems?
Gram pos cocci, GNR, anaerobes used for serious infections, when other drugs have failed synergize with aminoglycosides
50
What is the mechanism of carbapenems?
b-lactamase resistant | inhibit peptidoglycan cross-linking
51
What are the toxicities of Vancomycin? (4)
Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis | Red man syndrome
52
What are 30S and 50S ribosome inhibitors?
``` Buy AT 30, CCEl at 50 30S: Aminoglycosides (cidal) Tetracyclines 50S: Chloramphenicol CLindamycin Erythromycin (macrolides) Linezolid ```
53
Mechanism of aminoglycosides
inhibit formation of initiation complex, cause misreading of mRNA
54
Neomycin
aminoglycoside, used for bowel surgery
55
What is the clinical use of aminglycosides?
severe GNR infections (synergize with blactam)
56
Gentamicin
Aminoglycoside
57
Amikacin
Aminoglycoside
58
Tobramycin
Aminoglycoside
59
Streptomycin
Aminoglycoside
60
What are the toxicities of aminoglycosides?
Nephrotoxicity (esp with cephalosporin) Neurmuscular blockade Ototoxicity Teratogen
61
What is the mechanism of resistance of aminogclycoside?
Inactivation of bacterial transferase enzyme by acetylation, phosphorylation or adenylation
62
What is the mechanism of tetracyclines?
Prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA by binding 30S
63
How is doxycycline eliminated?
fecally (can be used with renal failure)
64
What are tetracyclines used to treat?
Lyme, M. pneumoniae | Rickettsia, Chalmydia (accumulate intracellularly)
65
What are the side affects of tetracycline
discolor teeth, inhibit bone growth in kids GI distress photosensitivity
66
What is the mechanism of resistance for tetracyclines?
plasmid encoded transport pumps
67
Axithromycin
Macrolide (50S)
68
Clarithromycin
Macrolide (50S)
69
Erythromycin
Macrolide (50S)
70
What is the mechanism of macrolide Abx?
inhibit synthesis by blocking ranslocation | binds to 23S rRNA of 50S
71
What are macrolides used to treat?
Atypical pneumonia, chlamydia, Strep (allergic to penicillin)
72
What are the toxicities of macrolides
(MACRO) GI Motility, Arrhythmia- QT prolong, Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia
73
What is the mechanism of resistance for macrolides?
Methylation of 23S rRNA binding site
74
Chloramphenicol mechanism
Blocks peptidyltransferase at 50S ribosomal subunit
75
Chloramphenicol use
Meningitis, Rickettsia
76
Toxicity of chloramphenicol
Anemia, gray baby
77
Resistance to chloramphenicol
plasmid-encoded acetyltransferase inactivates
78
Clindamycin mechanism
Blocks pepdite transfer (translocation)at 50S
79
What is clindamycin used for?
Anaerobic infections above the diaphragm (aspiratio pneumonia, oral infection, GAS)
80
What is used to treat anaerobic infections?
Clindamycin- above diaphragm | Metronidazole- below the diaphragm
81
Sulfonamides
inhibit folate synthesis PABA antimetabolite
82
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfonamide
83
Sulfisozazole
sulfonamide
84
sulfadiazine
sulfonamide
85
What are the toxicities of sulfonamides?
nephrotoxicity, photosensitivity, kernicterus in infants, hemolysis of G6PD
86
What is the mechanism of trimethoprim
inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase
87
What are the toxicities of TMP
megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia
88
Mechanism of flouroquinolones
Inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV
89
What is the use of fluoroquinolones?
GNR of urinary, GI, Neisseria
90
What are some of the toxicities of flouroquinolones?
superinfeciton, skin rash, dizziness, tendon rupture, QT prolong, cartilage damage
91
What is the mechanism of metronidazole?
Forms free radical toxic metabolites in bacterial cell wall- damage DNA
92
What is the mechanism of isoniazid
decr synthesis of mycolic acids; needs to be converted to active metabolite by bacterial catalase-peroxidase
93
What is the form of prophyaxis for tb?
isoniazid
94
What is the mechanism of Rifamycin
inhib DNA-dep RNA polymerase
95
What is the toxicity of isoinazid?
Neurotoxicity (prevent by giving vit B6) | hepatotoxicity
96
What is the advantage of rifabutin over rifamipin
Rifabutin doesnt stimulate P450 as much
97
What is the prophlyaxis for AIDS patients?
<50= azithromycin (MAC)
98
What is the mechanism of ethamutol?
decr carbohydrate polym of cell wall by blocking arabinosyltransferase
99
What supplements are important to give with Amphotericin B?
K+ Mg2+ (altered renal tubule permeability)
100
What is the mechanism of Amphotericin B?
binds ergosterol, forms membrane pores and allows leakage of electrolytes
101
What is used for chronic suppression of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients?
Fluconazole
102
What is itraconazole used to treat?
Blastomyces Coccidiodes Histoplasma
103
What is the mechanism of azoles?
inhibit fungal sterol synthesis by inhibiting P450 enzyme that covnerts lansterol to ergesterol
104
Echinocandins mechanism? What are the used to treat?
inhibits cell wall synthesis via B-glucan | Invasive aspergillosis, candida
105
What is the mechanism of flucytosine
converted to 5-FU via cytosine deaminase
106
What is the use of flucytosine?
treat systemic fungal infxn with Amph B
107
What is the mechanism of Terbinafine
inhibits squalene epoxidase
108
What is terbinafine used to treat?
dermatophytes, esp onchomycosis
109
Caspofungin
echinocandin
110
What is the mechanism of griseofulvin? What is it used to treat?
interferes with microtubule function deposited in keratin-containing tissue dermatophytes
111
What is the mechanism of chloroquine?
blocks detoxification of heme into hemozoin | accumulation of heme is toxic to plasmodia
112
What is the toxicity of chloroquine?
retinopaty, pruritis
113
What is ribavirin used to treat?
RSV, HCV
114
What is the toxciity of ribavirin
hemolytic anemia, teratogen
115
zanamivir
inhibits influenza neuraminidase
116
oseltamivir
inhibits influenza neuraminidase
117
Foscarnet mechanism and use
DNA polymerase inhib, pyrophosphate analog | CMV retinitis
118
Cidofovir mechanism and use
Preferentialy inhibits viral DNA polymerase, dose not requirre phosphorylation CMV retinitis
119
What is the standard regimen of HIV therapy?
2 NRTIs+1NNRTI, 1 protease inhib or 1 integrase inhib
120
What is a typical name for a protease inhibitor?
Ritonavir (ends in navir)
121
Raltegravir
HIV integrase inhibitor | causes hypercholesterolemia
122
Enfuvirtide
fusion inhibitor (gp41)
123
Maraviroc
Fusion inhibitor (binds CCR5)
124
Efavirenz
NNRTI, contraindicated in pregnancy | causes vivid dreams and CNS sx
125
Nevirapine
NNRTI
126
Delavirdine
NNRTI, contraindicated in pregnancy
127
What are common side effects for protease inhibitors?
hyperglycemia, GI, lipodystrophy
128
What are 2 important side effects for indinavir?
nephropathy, hematuria
129
Tenofovir
NRTI, nucleotide, causes rash
130
Zidovudine
NRTI, used for pregnancy, prophylaxis
131
Didanosine
NRTI, causes pancreatitis
132
What are the side effects of NRTIs?
Bone marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy, lactic acidosis
133
What are the side effects of NNRTIs
Rash, hepatotoxicity
134
What is IFNb used for?
multiple sclerosis
135
What is IFNg used for?
CGD

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