Embyrology and Reproductive anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
mutation in what gene can cause holoprosencephaly?
A
sonic hedgehog
2
Q
Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis; CNS development; produced at base of limbs
A
sonic hedgehog
3
Q
Necessary for proper dorsal-ventral axis organization. produced at apical ectodermal ridge
A
Wnt-7
4
Q
Lengthening of limbs, stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm; Produced at apical ectodermal ridge
A
FGF
5
Q
Involved in segmental organization of empbryo
A
Hox
6
Q
Bilaminar disk forms
A
2 weeks
7
Q
Trilaminar disk forms
A
3 weeks
8
Q
Gastrulation
A
3 weeks
9
Q
hCG secretion begins
A
within 1 week
10
Q
limb buds begin to form
A
4 weeks
11
Q
Can differentiate genitalia
A
10 weeks
12
Q
Most susceptible to teratogens
A
3-8 weeks
13
Q
Layers of bilaminar disk
A
epiblast, hypoblast
14
Q
3 sections of ectoderm
A
surface, neuroectoderm, neural crest
15
Q
Craniopharyngioma
A
benign rathke pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcifications
16
Q
Adenohypophysis origin
A
surface ectoderm
17
Q
Structures of eye origin
A
lens: surface ectoderm
retina and optic nerve: neuroectoderm
18
Q
Gut origin
A
Gut tube epithelium: endoderm
Wall of gut tube: mesoderm
anal canal below the pectinate line: surface ectoderm
epithelial lining of oral cavity: surface ectoderm
19
Q
Skin origin
A
epiderms, sweat, mammary gland: surface ectoderm
melanocytes: neural crest
dermis: mesoderm
20
Q
Cardiovascular origin
A
most: mesoderm
aorticopulmonary septum: neural crest
21
Q
Blood and lymphatics origin
A
mesoderm
22
Q
spleen origin
A
mesoderm
23
Q
Muscle, connective tissue, bone
A
mostly: mesoderm
skull bones, pia, arachnoid: neural crest
24
Q
thyroid, parathyroid origin
A
parafollicular: neural crest
follicular: endoderm
parathyroid: endoderm
25
lungs, liver, gall bladder, pancrease origin
endoderm
26
thymus origin
endoderm
27
GU/Genital origin
Vagina, ovaries: mesoderm
Testes: mesoderm
most of the urethra: mesoderm
kidney: mesoderm
28
Ear structures origin
sensory organs: surface ectoderm
| eustachian tube: endoderm
29
CNS vs PNS origin
CNS: neuroectoderm
PNS: neural crest
30
Adrenal origin
chromaffin cells of adrenal medull: neural crest
| adrenal cortex: mesoderm
31
Chorions and amnions for dizoygotic twins
dichorionic
| diamniotic
32
Cleavage of monozygotic after morula (4-8 d)
monochorionic diamniotic
33
Cleavage of monozygotic after blastocyst (8-12 d)
monochorionic monoamniotic
34
cleavage after 13 days
conjoined twins
35
Defect due to ACE inhib
renal damage
36
Defect due to alkylating agents
absence of digits, multiple anomalies
37
Defect due to aminoglycosides
CN VIII toxicity
38
Defect due to carbamazepine
neural tube defect, craniofacial, fingernail hypoplasia
39
Defect due to lithium
ebstein anomaly (atrialized R ventricle)
40
Defect due to tetracycline
discolored teeth
41
Defect due to valproate
inhibition of folate absorption
42
Defect due to warfarin
bone deformity, hemorrhage, ophto
43
Drug assoc with placental abruption
Cocaine
44
Drug assoc with ADHD
smoking
45
Defects assoc with maternal diabetes (3)
Caudal regression syndrome
Heart defects
Neural tube defects
46
Defects due to x-rays
microcephaly
| intellectual disability
47
Facial abnormalities of smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures, hypertelorism
Fetal alcohol syndrome
48
3 components of placenta and who from
cytotrophoblast: inner layer of chorionic villi, fetal
syncitiotrophoblast: outer layer, secretes hCG, fetal
Decidua basalis: maternal blood lacunae
49
What are umbilica arteries and veins derived from?
Allantois
50
What does the vitelline duct connect? When is it obliterated?
between yolk sac and midgut lumen
| obliterated 7th week
51
What do the first and second aortic arches become?
1st: maxillary artery
2nd: stapedial and hyoid artery
52
What does the 3rd aortic arch become?
Common carotid, proximal part of internal carotid
53
What does the 4th aortic arch become?
Left: aortic arch
Right: proximal part of subclavian
54
What does the 6th aortic arch become?
Proximal part of pulmonary arteries
55
Which aortic arch doesnt exist in humans?
5th aortic arch
56
What is the origin of the branchial/pharyngeal apparatus structures (clefts, arches, pouches)
Cleft: ectoderm
Arch: mesoderm
Pouch: endoderm
57
What do the brancial clefts become?
1st: external auditory meatus
| 2nd-4th: temporary cervical sinuses, obliterated
58
Treacher collins syndrome:
What fails to develop?
what are features?
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate
| mandibular hypoplasia
59
What is a congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula?
persistence of second cleft and pouch: fistula between tonsillar area and lateral neck
60
What nerves are associated with the structures of the first branchial arch?
V2, V3 (chew)
61
What nerve is associated with the structures of the 2nd branchial arch?
CN VII (smile)
62
What nerve is associated with the structures of the 3rd branchial arch?
CN IX (Swallow)
63
What nerve is associated with the 4th brachial arch
CN X- superior laryngeal
64
What nerve is associated with the 6th branchial arch?
CN X- recurrent laryngeal
65
What does the 1st branch pouch become?
Middle ear, eustachian tube, mastoid cell
66
What does the 2nd branch pouch become?
Palatine tonsil
67
What does the 3rd branch pouch become?
Dorsal wing: inferior parathyroid
| Ventrual ring: thymus
68
What does the 4th branch pouch become?
Superior parathyroid
69
What does the 1st branch arch become? (Cartilage + muscle)
```
Meckel cartilage (mandible, malleus, incus, spheon-mandib ligament
Muscels of mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids), myelohyoid, ant bell of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
```
70
What does the 2nd branch arch become?
```
Reichart cartilage (stapes, styloid, lesser horn hyoid, stylohyoid ligament)
Muscles facial expr, stapedius, stylohyoid, platysma, belly of digastric
```
71
What does the 3rd branch arch become?
Greater horn of hyoid
| stylopharyngeus
72
What to the 4th and 6th arches become?
thyroid, cricoid, artenoid, corniculate, cuneiform cartilages
pharyngeal constirctors, cricothyroid, levator veli pallatini, intrinsic muscles of pharyx
post 1/3 of tongue
73
What is defective in DiGeorge syndrome?
3rd and 4th pouches:
| thymic aplasia and hypocalcemia (+ conotruncal anomalies)
74
Cleft lip vs cleft palate
cleft lip- failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes
cleft palate- failure of fusion of 2 palatine processes or lateral palatine process + nasal septum
75
What happens if no MIF is produced (or no sertoli cells)
male and female internal organs, male external organs
76
What is another name for the Mullerian duct?
Paramesonephric
77
What is another name for the Wolffian duct?
Mesonephric
78
What do sertoli and leydig cells secrete in development?
Sertoli: MIF (degen of parames)
Leydic: testosterone (devel of mesoneph)
79
What is 5a reductase deficiency?
inability to convert testosterone to DHT
| internal male genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia
80
What does the mullerian duct give rise to?
fallopian tubes, uterous, upper vagina
81
What does the Wolffian duct give rise to?
Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejac duct, ductus deferens (not prostate)
82
Hypospadias vs epispadias
Hypospadias: inferior (ventral) opening
Epispadias: superior (dorsal) opening
83
What is the role of the gubernaculum? Femal equivalent?
anchors testes within scrotum; ovarian ligament, round ligament of uterus
84
What is the role of the processus vaginalis
Forms tunica vaginalis
85
What is the drainage of the R vs Left ovary/testis?
Left: Left gonadal vein-- left renal vein-- IVC
Right: right gonadal vein-- IVC
86
What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries/testis?
para-aortic LN
87
What is the lymphatic drainage of the distal vagina/vulva/scrotum?
superficial inguinal nodes
88
What is the lymphatic drainage of the proximal vagina/uterus?
obturator, external iliac, hypogastric nodes
89
Which side is varicocele more common on?
L varicocele- angle of spermatic vein entering renal vein
90
What vessel is located in the infundibulopelvic ligament? (suspensory)
Ovarian vessels
91
What vessel is located in the cardinal ligament?
uterine vessel
92
What vessel lies near the ureter
Gonadal/ovarian vessel
93
What does the round ligament of the uterus connect?
uterine fundus to labia majora
94
What is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation? (SEVEN UP)
```
Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Exaculatory ducts
N
Urethra
Penis
```
95
What is the autonomic innervation of the male sexual response? (Nerve+type)
Erection- parasympathetic, pelvic nerve
Emission- sympathetic, hypogastric
Ejaculation- visceral + somatic, pudendal
96
What do sertoli cells produce and do for spermatogenesis?
Inhibin- inhibit FSH
androgen-binding protein- maintain local testosterone levels
Tight junction- blood-testis barrier
