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Step 1 > Embyrology and Reproductive anatomy > Flashcards

Embyrology and Reproductive anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

mutation in what gene can cause holoprosencephaly?

A

sonic hedgehog

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2
Q

Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis; CNS development; produced at base of limbs

A

sonic hedgehog

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3
Q

Necessary for proper dorsal-ventral axis organization. produced at apical ectodermal ridge

A

Wnt-7

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4
Q

Lengthening of limbs, stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm; Produced at apical ectodermal ridge

A

FGF

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5
Q

Involved in segmental organization of empbryo

A

Hox

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6
Q

Bilaminar disk forms

A

2 weeks

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7
Q

Trilaminar disk forms

A

3 weeks

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8
Q

Gastrulation

A

3 weeks

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9
Q

hCG secretion begins

A

within 1 week

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10
Q

limb buds begin to form

A

4 weeks

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11
Q

Can differentiate genitalia

A

10 weeks

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12
Q

Most susceptible to teratogens

A

3-8 weeks

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13
Q

Layers of bilaminar disk

A

epiblast, hypoblast

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14
Q

3 sections of ectoderm

A

surface, neuroectoderm, neural crest

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15
Q

Craniopharyngioma

A

benign rathke pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcifications

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16
Q

Adenohypophysis origin

A

surface ectoderm

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17
Q

Structures of eye origin

A

lens: surface ectoderm

retina and optic nerve: neuroectoderm

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18
Q

Gut origin

A

Gut tube epithelium: endoderm
Wall of gut tube: mesoderm
anal canal below the pectinate line: surface ectoderm
epithelial lining of oral cavity: surface ectoderm

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19
Q

Skin origin

A

epiderms, sweat, mammary gland: surface ectoderm

melanocytes: neural crest
dermis: mesoderm

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20
Q

Cardiovascular origin

A

most: mesoderm

aorticopulmonary septum: neural crest

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21
Q

Blood and lymphatics origin

A

mesoderm

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22
Q

spleen origin

A

mesoderm

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23
Q

Muscle, connective tissue, bone

A

mostly: mesoderm

skull bones, pia, arachnoid: neural crest

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24
Q

thyroid, parathyroid origin

A

parafollicular: neural crest
follicular: endoderm
parathyroid: endoderm

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25
Q

lungs, liver, gall bladder, pancrease origin

A

endoderm

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26
Q

thymus origin

A

endoderm

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27
Q

GU/Genital origin

A

Vagina, ovaries: mesoderm
Testes: mesoderm
most of the urethra: mesoderm
kidney: mesoderm

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28
Q

Ear structures origin

A

sensory organs: surface ectoderm

eustachian tube: endoderm

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29
Q

CNS vs PNS origin

A

CNS: neuroectoderm
PNS: neural crest

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30
Q

Adrenal origin

A

chromaffin cells of adrenal medull: neural crest

adrenal cortex: mesoderm

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31
Q

Chorions and amnions for dizoygotic twins

A

dichorionic

diamniotic

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32
Q

Cleavage of monozygotic after morula (4-8 d)

A

monochorionic diamniotic

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33
Q

Cleavage of monozygotic after blastocyst (8-12 d)

A

monochorionic monoamniotic

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34
Q

cleavage after 13 days

A

conjoined twins

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35
Q

Defect due to ACE inhib

A

renal damage

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36
Q

Defect due to alkylating agents

A

absence of digits, multiple anomalies

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37
Q

Defect due to aminoglycosides

A

CN VIII toxicity

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38
Q

Defect due to carbamazepine

A

neural tube defect, craniofacial, fingernail hypoplasia

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39
Q

Defect due to lithium

A

ebstein anomaly (atrialized R ventricle)

40
Q

Defect due to tetracycline

A

discolored teeth

41
Q

Defect due to valproate

A

inhibition of folate absorption

42
Q

Defect due to warfarin

A

bone deformity, hemorrhage, ophto

43
Q

Drug assoc with placental abruption

A

Cocaine

44
Q

Drug assoc with ADHD

A

smoking

45
Q

Defects assoc with maternal diabetes (3)

A

Caudal regression syndrome
Heart defects
Neural tube defects

46
Q

Defects due to x-rays

A

microcephaly

intellectual disability

47
Q

Facial abnormalities of smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures, hypertelorism

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

48
Q

3 components of placenta and who from

A

cytotrophoblast: inner layer of chorionic villi, fetal
syncitiotrophoblast: outer layer, secretes hCG, fetal
Decidua basalis: maternal blood lacunae

49
Q

What are umbilica arteries and veins derived from?

A

Allantois

50
Q

What does the vitelline duct connect? When is it obliterated?

A

between yolk sac and midgut lumen

obliterated 7th week

51
Q

What do the first and second aortic arches become?

A

1st: maxillary artery
2nd: stapedial and hyoid artery

52
Q

What does the 3rd aortic arch become?

A

Common carotid, proximal part of internal carotid

53
Q

What does the 4th aortic arch become?

A

Left: aortic arch
Right: proximal part of subclavian

54
Q

What does the 6th aortic arch become?

A

Proximal part of pulmonary arteries

55
Q

Which aortic arch doesnt exist in humans?

A

5th aortic arch

56
Q

What is the origin of the branchial/pharyngeal apparatus structures (clefts, arches, pouches)

A

Cleft: ectoderm
Arch: mesoderm
Pouch: endoderm

57
Q

What do the brancial clefts become?

A

1st: external auditory meatus

2nd-4th: temporary cervical sinuses, obliterated

58
Q

Treacher collins syndrome:
What fails to develop?
what are features?

A

1st arch neural crest fails to migrate

mandibular hypoplasia

59
Q

What is a congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula?

A

persistence of second cleft and pouch: fistula between tonsillar area and lateral neck

60
Q

What nerves are associated with the structures of the first branchial arch?

A

V2, V3 (chew)

61
Q

What nerve is associated with the structures of the 2nd branchial arch?

A

CN VII (smile)

62
Q

What nerve is associated with the structures of the 3rd branchial arch?

A

CN IX (Swallow)

63
Q

What nerve is associated with the 4th brachial arch

A

CN X- superior laryngeal

64
Q

What nerve is associated with the 6th branchial arch?

A

CN X- recurrent laryngeal

65
Q

What does the 1st branch pouch become?

A

Middle ear, eustachian tube, mastoid cell

66
Q

What does the 2nd branch pouch become?

A

Palatine tonsil

67
Q

What does the 3rd branch pouch become?

A

Dorsal wing: inferior parathyroid

Ventrual ring: thymus

68
Q

What does the 4th branch pouch become?

A

Superior parathyroid

69
Q

What does the 1st branch arch become? (Cartilage + muscle)

A 
Meckel cartilage (mandible, malleus, incus, spheon-mandib ligament
Muscels of mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids), myelohyoid, ant bell of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
70
Q

What does the 2nd branch arch become?

A 
Reichart cartilage (stapes, styloid, lesser horn hyoid, stylohyoid ligament)
Muscles facial expr, stapedius, stylohyoid, platysma, belly of digastric
71
Q

What does the 3rd branch arch become?

A

Greater horn of hyoid

stylopharyngeus

72
Q

What to the 4th and 6th arches become?

A

thyroid, cricoid, artenoid, corniculate, cuneiform cartilages
pharyngeal constirctors, cricothyroid, levator veli pallatini, intrinsic muscles of pharyx
post 1/3 of tongue

73
Q

What is defective in DiGeorge syndrome?

A

3rd and 4th pouches:

thymic aplasia and hypocalcemia (+ conotruncal anomalies)

74
Q

Cleft lip vs cleft palate

A

cleft lip- failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes
cleft palate- failure of fusion of 2 palatine processes or lateral palatine process + nasal septum

75
Q

What happens if no MIF is produced (or no sertoli cells)

A

male and female internal organs, male external organs

76
Q

What is another name for the Mullerian duct?

A

Paramesonephric

77
Q

What is another name for the Wolffian duct?

A

Mesonephric

78
Q

What do sertoli and leydig cells secrete in development?

A

Sertoli: MIF (degen of parames)
Leydic: testosterone (devel of mesoneph)

79
Q

What is 5a reductase deficiency?

A

inability to convert testosterone to DHT

internal male genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia

80
Q

What does the mullerian duct give rise to?

A

fallopian tubes, uterous, upper vagina

81
Q

What does the Wolffian duct give rise to?

A

Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejac duct, ductus deferens (not prostate)

82
Q

Hypospadias vs epispadias

A

Hypospadias: inferior (ventral) opening
Epispadias: superior (dorsal) opening

83
Q

What is the role of the gubernaculum? Femal equivalent?

A

anchors testes within scrotum; ovarian ligament, round ligament of uterus

84
Q

What is the role of the processus vaginalis

A

Forms tunica vaginalis

85
Q

What is the drainage of the R vs Left ovary/testis?

A

Left: Left gonadal vein– left renal vein– IVC
Right: right gonadal vein– IVC

86
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries/testis?

A

para-aortic LN

87
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the distal vagina/vulva/scrotum?

A

superficial inguinal nodes

88
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the proximal vagina/uterus?

A

obturator, external iliac, hypogastric nodes

89
Q

Which side is varicocele more common on?

A

L varicocele- angle of spermatic vein entering renal vein

90
Q

What vessel is located in the infundibulopelvic ligament? (suspensory)

A

Ovarian vessels

91
Q

What vessel is located in the cardinal ligament?

A

uterine vessel

92
Q

What vessel lies near the ureter

A

Gonadal/ovarian vessel

93
Q

What does the round ligament of the uterus connect?

A

uterine fundus to labia majora

94
Q

What is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation? (SEVEN UP)

A 
Seminiferous Tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Exaculatory ducts
N
Urethra
Penis
95
Q

What is the autonomic innervation of the male sexual response? (Nerve+type)

A

Erection- parasympathetic, pelvic nerve
Emission- sympathetic, hypogastric
Ejaculation- visceral + somatic, pudendal

96
Q

What do sertoli cells produce and do for spermatogenesis?

A

Inhibin- inhibit FSH
androgen-binding protein- maintain local testosterone levels
Tight junction- blood-testis barrier

Step 1 (34 decks)

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