Embyrology and Reproductive anatomy Flashcards
mutation in what gene can cause holoprosencephaly?
sonic hedgehog
Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis; CNS development; produced at base of limbs
sonic hedgehog
Necessary for proper dorsal-ventral axis organization. produced at apical ectodermal ridge
Wnt-7
Lengthening of limbs, stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm; Produced at apical ectodermal ridge
FGF
Involved in segmental organization of empbryo
Hox
Bilaminar disk forms
2 weeks
Trilaminar disk forms
3 weeks
Gastrulation
3 weeks
hCG secretion begins
within 1 week
limb buds begin to form
4 weeks
Can differentiate genitalia
10 weeks
Most susceptible to teratogens
3-8 weeks
Layers of bilaminar disk
epiblast, hypoblast
3 sections of ectoderm
surface, neuroectoderm, neural crest
Craniopharyngioma
benign rathke pouch tumor with cholesterol crystals, calcifications
Adenohypophysis origin
surface ectoderm
Structures of eye origin
lens: surface ectoderm
retina and optic nerve: neuroectoderm
Gut origin
Gut tube epithelium: endoderm
Wall of gut tube: mesoderm
anal canal below the pectinate line: surface ectoderm
epithelial lining of oral cavity: surface ectoderm
Skin origin
epiderms, sweat, mammary gland: surface ectoderm
melanocytes: neural crest
dermis: mesoderm
Cardiovascular origin
most: mesoderm
aorticopulmonary septum: neural crest
Blood and lymphatics origin
mesoderm
spleen origin
mesoderm
Muscle, connective tissue, bone
mostly: mesoderm
skull bones, pia, arachnoid: neural crest
thyroid, parathyroid origin
parafollicular: neural crest
follicular: endoderm
parathyroid: endoderm
lungs, liver, gall bladder, pancrease origin
endoderm
thymus origin
endoderm
GU/Genital origin
Vagina, ovaries: mesoderm
Testes: mesoderm
most of the urethra: mesoderm
kidney: mesoderm
Ear structures origin
sensory organs: surface ectoderm
eustachian tube: endoderm
CNS vs PNS origin
CNS: neuroectoderm
PNS: neural crest
Adrenal origin
chromaffin cells of adrenal medull: neural crest
adrenal cortex: mesoderm
Chorions and amnions for dizoygotic twins
dichorionic
diamniotic
Cleavage of monozygotic after morula (4-8 d)
monochorionic diamniotic
Cleavage of monozygotic after blastocyst (8-12 d)
monochorionic monoamniotic
cleavage after 13 days
conjoined twins
Defect due to ACE inhib
renal damage
Defect due to alkylating agents
absence of digits, multiple anomalies
Defect due to aminoglycosides
CN VIII toxicity
Defect due to carbamazepine
neural tube defect, craniofacial, fingernail hypoplasia
Defect due to lithium
ebstein anomaly (atrialized R ventricle)
Defect due to tetracycline
discolored teeth
Defect due to valproate
inhibition of folate absorption
Defect due to warfarin
bone deformity, hemorrhage, ophto
Drug assoc with placental abruption
Cocaine
Drug assoc with ADHD
smoking
Defects assoc with maternal diabetes (3)
Caudal regression syndrome
Heart defects
Neural tube defects
Defects due to x-rays
microcephaly
intellectual disability
Facial abnormalities of smooth philtrum, thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures, hypertelorism
Fetal alcohol syndrome
3 components of placenta and who from
cytotrophoblast: inner layer of chorionic villi, fetal
syncitiotrophoblast: outer layer, secretes hCG, fetal
Decidua basalis: maternal blood lacunae
What are umbilica arteries and veins derived from?
Allantois
What does the vitelline duct connect? When is it obliterated?
between yolk sac and midgut lumen
obliterated 7th week
What do the first and second aortic arches become?
1st: maxillary artery
2nd: stapedial and hyoid artery
What does the 3rd aortic arch become?
Common carotid, proximal part of internal carotid
What does the 4th aortic arch become?
Left: aortic arch
Right: proximal part of subclavian
What does the 6th aortic arch become?
Proximal part of pulmonary arteries
Which aortic arch doesnt exist in humans?
5th aortic arch
What is the origin of the branchial/pharyngeal apparatus structures (clefts, arches, pouches)
Cleft: ectoderm
Arch: mesoderm
Pouch: endoderm
What do the brancial clefts become?
1st: external auditory meatus
2nd-4th: temporary cervical sinuses, obliterated
Treacher collins syndrome:
What fails to develop?
what are features?
1st arch neural crest fails to migrate
mandibular hypoplasia
What is a congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula?
persistence of second cleft and pouch: fistula between tonsillar area and lateral neck
What nerves are associated with the structures of the first branchial arch?
V2, V3 (chew)
What nerve is associated with the structures of the 2nd branchial arch?
CN VII (smile)
What nerve is associated with the structures of the 3rd branchial arch?
CN IX (Swallow)
What nerve is associated with the 4th brachial arch
CN X- superior laryngeal
What nerve is associated with the 6th branchial arch?
CN X- recurrent laryngeal
What does the 1st branch pouch become?
Middle ear, eustachian tube, mastoid cell
What does the 2nd branch pouch become?
Palatine tonsil
What does the 3rd branch pouch become?
Dorsal wing: inferior parathyroid
Ventrual ring: thymus
What does the 4th branch pouch become?
Superior parathyroid
What does the 1st branch arch become? (Cartilage + muscle)
Meckel cartilage (mandible, malleus, incus, spheon-mandib ligament Muscels of mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoids), myelohyoid, ant bell of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
What does the 2nd branch arch become?
Reichart cartilage (stapes, styloid, lesser horn hyoid, stylohyoid ligament) Muscles facial expr, stapedius, stylohyoid, platysma, belly of digastric
What does the 3rd branch arch become?
Greater horn of hyoid
stylopharyngeus
What to the 4th and 6th arches become?
thyroid, cricoid, artenoid, corniculate, cuneiform cartilages
pharyngeal constirctors, cricothyroid, levator veli pallatini, intrinsic muscles of pharyx
post 1/3 of tongue
What is defective in DiGeorge syndrome?
3rd and 4th pouches:
thymic aplasia and hypocalcemia (+ conotruncal anomalies)
Cleft lip vs cleft palate
cleft lip- failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes
cleft palate- failure of fusion of 2 palatine processes or lateral palatine process + nasal septum
What happens if no MIF is produced (or no sertoli cells)
male and female internal organs, male external organs
What is another name for the Mullerian duct?
Paramesonephric
What is another name for the Wolffian duct?
Mesonephric
What do sertoli and leydig cells secrete in development?
Sertoli: MIF (degen of parames)
Leydic: testosterone (devel of mesoneph)
What is 5a reductase deficiency?
inability to convert testosterone to DHT
internal male genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia
What does the mullerian duct give rise to?
fallopian tubes, uterous, upper vagina
What does the Wolffian duct give rise to?
Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejac duct, ductus deferens (not prostate)
Hypospadias vs epispadias
Hypospadias: inferior (ventral) opening
Epispadias: superior (dorsal) opening
What is the role of the gubernaculum? Femal equivalent?
anchors testes within scrotum; ovarian ligament, round ligament of uterus
What is the role of the processus vaginalis
Forms tunica vaginalis
What is the drainage of the R vs Left ovary/testis?
Left: Left gonadal vein– left renal vein– IVC
Right: right gonadal vein– IVC
What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovaries/testis?
para-aortic LN
What is the lymphatic drainage of the distal vagina/vulva/scrotum?
superficial inguinal nodes
What is the lymphatic drainage of the proximal vagina/uterus?
obturator, external iliac, hypogastric nodes
Which side is varicocele more common on?
L varicocele- angle of spermatic vein entering renal vein
What vessel is located in the infundibulopelvic ligament? (suspensory)
Ovarian vessels
What vessel is located in the cardinal ligament?
uterine vessel
What vessel lies near the ureter
Gonadal/ovarian vessel
What does the round ligament of the uterus connect?
uterine fundus to labia majora
What is the pathway of sperm during ejaculation? (SEVEN UP)
Seminiferous Tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Exaculatory ducts N Urethra Penis
What is the autonomic innervation of the male sexual response? (Nerve+type)
Erection- parasympathetic, pelvic nerve
Emission- sympathetic, hypogastric
Ejaculation- visceral + somatic, pudendal
What do sertoli cells produce and do for spermatogenesis?
Inhibin- inhibit FSH
androgen-binding protein- maintain local testosterone levels
Tight junction- blood-testis barrier
