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Micro- Mycology and parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

How are local vs systemic mycoses treated?

A

local: fluconazole, itraconazole
systemic: amphotericine B

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2
Q

Common in Missippi and Ohio River Valley

Causes pneumonia

A

Histoplasmosis

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3
Q

Histo shows macrophage filled with small spherules (smaller than RBC)

A

Histoplasmosis

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4
Q

Common in states east of Mississippi river, central america

Causes pneumonia that can disseminate to bone and skin

A

Blastomycosis

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5
Q

Pneumonia with broad-base budding yeast

A

Blastomycosis

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6
Q

Southwestern US, California
causes pneumonia and meningitis
can also have erhythema nodosum, arthralgias

A

Coccidiodomycosis

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7
Q

Spherules (much larger than RBCs) filled with endospores

A

Coccidiodomycosis

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8
Q

Common in Latin America

“captain’s wheel” formation budding yeast

A

Paracoccidiomycosis

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9
Q

What systemic mycosis is a spherule in tissue

A

Coccidiomycosis

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10
Q

Causes hyper or hypopigmented skin patches

spaghetti and meatball appearance

A

Malassezia furfur

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11
Q

What do the dermatophytes infect:
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

A

Microsporum- hair, skin
Trichophyton- skin, hair, nails
Epidermophyton- nail, skin

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12
Q

What type of infection is common following Tb?

A

aspergilloma

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13
Q

What type fungus has septate hyphae branching at 45deg?

A

aspergillus

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14
Q

What forms a condiophore with radiating chains of spores?

A

aspergillus

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15
Q

What can cause bronchiectasis and eosinophilia and is associated with asthma and CF

A

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

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16
Q

What fungal infection is associated with Hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

aspergillus aflatoxins

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17
Q

5-10um yeasts with wide capsular halos and unequal budding

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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18
Q

What is cultured on Sabouraud agar?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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19
Q

Describe how Cryptococcus neoformans causes meningitis?

A

acquired via inhalation, spreads hematogenously to lungs

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20
Q

What is a common cause of meningitis in AIDS patients?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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21
Q

Shows “soap bubble” lesions in brain

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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22
Q

How does one test for Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

positive latex agglutination test

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23
Q

What type of patients are susceptible to mucormycosis?

A

ketoacidic diabetic and leukemic patients

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24
Q

Causes rhinocerebral frontal lobe abscesses

A

Mucor/rhizopus

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25
Describe how mucor infects?
proliferates in blood vessels, penetrates cribiform plate and enters brain
26
How is PCP diagnosed?
lung biopsy or lavage
27
Shows diffuse, bilateral CXR; disk shaped yeast on methenamine silver stain
PCP
28
When should prophylaxis for PCP be started?
CD4 <200
29
Dimorphic, cigar-shaped yeast that lives on vegetation
Sporothrix schenkii
30
Causes bloating, flatulence, foul smelling fatty diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
31
What is the treatment for Giardia?
Metronidazole
32
Cysts with up to 4 nuclei in the stool
Entamoeba histolytica
33
Diagnosed by oocysts in acid-fast stain
Cryptosporidium
34
Causes severe diarrhea in AIDS patients
Cryptosporidium
35
What is the treatment for Cryptosporidium?
Nitazoxanide
36
Causes bloody diarrhea and liver abscess
Entamoeba histolytica
37
Causes chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus and intracranial calcifications
Toxo
38
What is the treatment for Toxo
sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
39
What is the treatment for Entamoeba histolytica?
Mitronidazole | Iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers
40
How is Naegleria fowleri diagnosed?
Amoebas in spinal fluid
41
What is the treatment for Trypanosoma brucei?
Suramine for blood borne | Melarsoprol for CNS
42
Causes enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever, somnolence, coma
Trypanosoma brucei
43
Where are trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense and gambiense found? How is the course different?
rhodensiense- fast onset, acute- S, E Afr | gambiense- slow onset, chronic- central, W Afr
44
Causes fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly
malaria
45
How is malaria treated?
Begin with chloroquine | use mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil if resistant
46
How are vivax/ovale treated?
add primaquine (check for G6PD def)
47
How is life-threatening malaria treated?
Quinidine (check for G6PD def)
48
What species Plasmodium has a 48 hr vs 72 hr cycle?
vivax/ovale- 48hr | malariae- 72h
49
What causes severe disease with irregular fever patterns; can have brain, kidney, lung occlusion
P. falciparum
50
Where is dormant malaria found? What species?
Hynozoite in liver | vivax/ovale
51
Shows trophozoite ring in RBCs | or schizont containing merozoites
Malaria
52
Blood smear shows a ring and cross form
Babesia
53
What is the treatment for babesia
Atovaquone + azithromycin
54
Causes fever and hemolytic anemia; Northeaster US
Babesia
55
What patients are at increased risk for Babesia?
asplenic
56
What does trypanosoma cruzi cause?
dilated cardiomyopathy megacolon megaeosophagus
57
What is the treatment for Chagas?
Benznidazole or nifurtimox
58
Causes spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
visceral leismaniasis | lesimania donovani
59
What is the treatment for visceral leishmania
Amphotericin B | sodium stibogluconate
60
Diagnosed by macrophage containing amastigotes
visceral leismaniasis | lesimania donovani
61
causes Vaginitis with foul-smelling, greenis discharge; itching and burning, strawberry cervix
Trichomonas vaginalis
62
What is the treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole
63
What causes anal pruritis
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
64
What is the treatment for Enterobius vermicularis?
Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
65
Causes intestinal infection; eggs visible in feces
Ascaris lubricoides (giant roundworm)
66
What is the treatment for Ascaris lubricoides (giant roundworm)
Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
67
What causes intestinal infection with vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain
strongyloides stercoralis
68
How is strongyloides stercoralis transmitted?
Larvae in soil penetrate skin
69
What causes intestinal infection with anemia?
Hookworm- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus
70
What is the treatment for strongyloides stercoralis?
IVermectin or albendazole
71
What is the treatment for Hookworm- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus?
Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
72
What nematodes are ingested? Cutaneous? Bites?
``` Ingested (EAT) Enetrobius vermicularis Ascaris lumbricoides Toxcara vanis Cutaneous (SANd) Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale Necaturo americanus Bites (lay LOW) Loaloa Onchocerca volvulus Wuchereria bancrofti ```
73
Causes hyperpigmented skin and blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
74
What is the treatment for Onchocerca volvulus
Ivermectin
75
What causes swelling in the skin, worm in confunctiva
Loa loa
76
What is the treatment for Loa loa
Diethylcarbamazine
77
What causes elephantiasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
78
What is the treatment for WUchereria bancrofti?
Diethylcarbamazine
79
What causes visceral larva migrans
Toxocara canis
80
What is the treatment for toxocara canis?
albendazole or mebendazole
81
What causes brain cysts and seizures?
Taenia solium (cystercercosis)
82
What is the treatment for neurocystercercosis and cystercercosis?
neurocystercercosis- Praziquantel | cystercercosis- albendazole
83
What intestinal infection causes Vit B12 deficiency
Diphyllobotrhium latum (tapeworm, cestode)
84
What is the treatment for Diphyllobotrhium latum?
Praziquantel
85
What causes liver cysts that can cause anaphlaxis?
Echinococcus granulosus (tapeworm)
86
What is the treatment for Echinococcus granulosus?
Praziquantel
87
What can cause pigmented gallstones, cholangiocarcinoma?
Clonorchis sinensis
88
What is the treatment for Clonorchis sinensis?
Praziquantel
89
What causes granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the liver and spleen?
Schistosoma
90
Chronic infection of what can cause SCC of bladder?
S. haemotobium
91
What is the treatment for schistosoma?
Praziquantel
92
What parasites can cause portal hypertension?
Schistosoma mansoni | Schistosoma japonicum

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