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Step 1 > Micro- Mycology and parasitology > Flashcards

Micro- Mycology and parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

How are local vs systemic mycoses treated?

A

local: fluconazole, itraconazole
systemic: amphotericine B

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2
Q

Common in Missippi and Ohio River Valley

Causes pneumonia

A

Histoplasmosis

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3
Q

Histo shows macrophage filled with small spherules (smaller than RBC)

A

Histoplasmosis

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4
Q

Common in states east of Mississippi river, central america

Causes pneumonia that can disseminate to bone and skin

A

Blastomycosis

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5
Q

Pneumonia with broad-base budding yeast

A

Blastomycosis

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6
Q

Southwestern US, California
causes pneumonia and meningitis
can also have erhythema nodosum, arthralgias

A

Coccidiodomycosis

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7
Q

Spherules (much larger than RBCs) filled with endospores

A

Coccidiodomycosis

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8
Q

Common in Latin America

“captain’s wheel” formation budding yeast

A

Paracoccidiomycosis

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9
Q

What systemic mycosis is a spherule in tissue

A

Coccidiomycosis

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10
Q

Causes hyper or hypopigmented skin patches

spaghetti and meatball appearance

A

Malassezia furfur

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11
Q

What do the dermatophytes infect:
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

A

Microsporum- hair, skin
Trichophyton- skin, hair, nails
Epidermophyton- nail, skin

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12
Q

What type of infection is common following Tb?

A

aspergilloma

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13
Q

What type fungus has septate hyphae branching at 45deg?

A

aspergillus

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14
Q

What forms a condiophore with radiating chains of spores?

A

aspergillus

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15
Q

What can cause bronchiectasis and eosinophilia and is associated with asthma and CF

A

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

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16
Q

What fungal infection is associated with Hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

aspergillus aflatoxins

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17
Q

5-10um yeasts with wide capsular halos and unequal budding

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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18
Q

What is cultured on Sabouraud agar?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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19
Q

Describe how Cryptococcus neoformans causes meningitis?

A

acquired via inhalation, spreads hematogenously to lungs

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20
Q

What is a common cause of meningitis in AIDS patients?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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21
Q

Shows “soap bubble” lesions in brain

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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22
Q

How does one test for Cryptococcus neoformans?

A

positive latex agglutination test

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23
Q

What type of patients are susceptible to mucormycosis?

A

ketoacidic diabetic and leukemic patients

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24
Q

Causes rhinocerebral frontal lobe abscesses

A

Mucor/rhizopus

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25
Q

Describe how mucor infects?

A

proliferates in blood vessels, penetrates cribiform plate and enters brain

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26
Q

How is PCP diagnosed?

A

lung biopsy or lavage

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27
Q

Shows diffuse, bilateral CXR; disk shaped yeast on methenamine silver stain

A

PCP

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28
Q

When should prophylaxis for PCP be started?

A

CD4 <200

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29
Q

Dimorphic, cigar-shaped yeast that lives on vegetation

A

Sporothrix schenkii

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30
Q

Causes bloating, flatulence, foul smelling fatty diarrhea

A

Giardia lamblia

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31
Q

What is the treatment for Giardia?

A

Metronidazole

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32
Q

Cysts with up to 4 nuclei in the stool

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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33
Q

Diagnosed by oocysts in acid-fast stain

A

Cryptosporidium

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34
Q

Causes severe diarrhea in AIDS patients

A

Cryptosporidium

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35
Q

What is the treatment for Cryptosporidium?

A

Nitazoxanide

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36
Q

Causes bloody diarrhea and liver abscess

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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37
Q

Causes chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus and intracranial calcifications

38
Q

What is the treatment for Toxo

A

sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

39
Q

What is the treatment for Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Mitronidazole

Iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers

40
Q

How is Naegleria fowleri diagnosed?

A

Amoebas in spinal fluid

41
Q

What is the treatment for Trypanosoma brucei?

A

Suramine for blood borne

Melarsoprol for CNS

42
Q

Causes enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever, somnolence, coma

A

Trypanosoma brucei

43
Q

Where are trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense and gambiense found? How is the course different?

A

rhodensiense- fast onset, acute- S, E Afr

gambiense- slow onset, chronic- central, W Afr

44
Q

Causes fever, headache, anemia, splenomegaly

45
Q

How is malaria treated?

A

Begin with chloroquine

use mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil if resistant

46
Q

How are vivax/ovale treated?

A

add primaquine (check for G6PD def)

47
Q

How is life-threatening malaria treated?

A

Quinidine (check for G6PD def)

48
Q

What species Plasmodium has a 48 hr vs 72 hr cycle?

A

vivax/ovale- 48hr

malariae- 72h

49
Q

What causes severe disease with irregular fever patterns; can have brain, kidney, lung occlusion

A

P. falciparum

50
Q

Where is dormant malaria found? What species?

A

Hynozoite in liver

vivax/ovale

51
Q

Shows trophozoite ring in RBCs

or schizont containing merozoites

52
Q

Blood smear shows a ring and cross form

53
Q

What is the treatment for babesia

A

Atovaquone + azithromycin

54
Q

Causes fever and hemolytic anemia; Northeaster US

55
Q

What patients are at increased risk for Babesia?

56
Q

What does trypanosoma cruzi cause?

A

dilated cardiomyopathy
megacolon
megaeosophagus

57
Q

What is the treatment for Chagas?

A

Benznidazole or nifurtimox

58
Q

Causes spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia

A

visceral leismaniasis

lesimania donovani

59
Q

What is the treatment for visceral leishmania

A

Amphotericin B

sodium stibogluconate

60
Q

Diagnosed by macrophage containing amastigotes

A

visceral leismaniasis

lesimania donovani

61
Q

causes Vaginitis with foul-smelling, greenis discharge; itching and burning, strawberry cervix

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

62
Q

What is the treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Metronidazole

63
Q

What causes anal pruritis

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

64
Q

What is the treatment for Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

65
Q

Causes intestinal infection; eggs visible in feces

A

Ascaris lubricoides (giant roundworm)

66
Q

What is the treatment for Ascaris lubricoides (giant roundworm)

A

Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

67
Q

What causes intestinal infection with vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric pain

A

strongyloides stercoralis

68
Q

How is strongyloides stercoralis transmitted?

A

Larvae in soil penetrate skin

69
Q

What causes intestinal infection with anemia?

A

Hookworm- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus

70
Q

What is the treatment for strongyloides stercoralis?

A

IVermectin or albendazole

71
Q

What is the treatment for Hookworm- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus?

A

Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

72
Q

What nematodes are ingested? Cutaneous? Bites?

A 
Ingested (EAT)
Enetrobius vermicularis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Toxcara vanis
Cutaneous (SANd)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Ancylostoma duodenale
Necaturo americanus
Bites (lay LOW)
Loaloa
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti
73
Q

Causes hyperpigmented skin and blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

74
Q

What is the treatment for Onchocerca volvulus

A

Ivermectin

75
Q

What causes swelling in the skin, worm in confunctiva

76
Q

What is the treatment for Loa loa

A

Diethylcarbamazine

77
Q

What causes elephantiasis?

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

78
Q

What is the treatment for WUchereria bancrofti?

A

Diethylcarbamazine

79
Q

What causes visceral larva migrans

A

Toxocara canis

80
Q

What is the treatment for toxocara canis?

A

albendazole or mebendazole

81
Q

What causes brain cysts and seizures?

A

Taenia solium (cystercercosis)

82
Q

What is the treatment for neurocystercercosis and cystercercosis?

A

neurocystercercosis- Praziquantel

cystercercosis- albendazole

83
Q

What intestinal infection causes Vit B12 deficiency

A

Diphyllobotrhium latum (tapeworm, cestode)

84
Q

What is the treatment for Diphyllobotrhium latum?

A

Praziquantel

85
Q

What causes liver cysts that can cause anaphlaxis?

A

Echinococcus granulosus (tapeworm)

86
Q

What is the treatment for Echinococcus granulosus?

A

Praziquantel

87
Q

What can cause pigmented gallstones, cholangiocarcinoma?

A

Clonorchis sinensis

88
Q

What is the treatment for Clonorchis sinensis?

A

Praziquantel

89
Q

What causes granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the liver and spleen?

A

Schistosoma

90
Q

Chronic infection of what can cause SCC of bladder?

A

S. haemotobium

91
Q

What is the treatment for schistosoma?

A

Praziquantel

92
Q

What parasites can cause portal hypertension?

A

Schistosoma mansoni

Schistosoma japonicum

Step 1 (34 decks)

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